Lesson Twenty The underwater search has been made possible only by vast improvements in offshore technology Drillers first took to the sea with land rigs mounted on barges towed to location and anchored or with fixed platforms accompanied by a tender ship(Fig. 1) a wide variety of rig platforms has since evolved, some designed to cope with specific hazards of the sea and others for more general work. All new types stress characteristics of mobility and the capability for work in even deeper water. The world's mobile platform fleet can be divided into four main groupings: self-elevating platforms, submersibles, semisubmersibles, and floating drill ships Fig. 1 Offshore fixed drilling platform The most widely used mobile platform is the self-elevating, or iack-up, unit(Fig. 2) It is towed to
Lesson Twenty-one Mobile Drilling Platforms The underwater search has been made possible only by vast improvements in offshore technology. Drillers first took to the sea with land rigs mounted on barges towed to location and anchored or with fixed platforms accompanied by a tender ship (Fig.1). A wide variety of rig platforms has since evolved, some designed to cope with specific hazards of the sea and others for more general work. All new types stress characteristics of mobility and the capability for work in even deeper water. The world’s mobile platform fleet can be divided into four main groupings: self-elevating platforms, submersibles, semisubmersibles, and floating drill ships. Fig. 1 Offshore fixed drilling platform The most widely used mobile platform is the self-elevating, or jack-up, unit (Fig.2) It is towed to （a） （b）
Fig 2 Offshore self-elevating drilling platform (a)----Underwater design( b)-----self-elevating drilling platform location, where the legs are lowered to the sea floor, and the platform is jacked up above wave height. These self-contained platforms are especially suited to wildcat and delineation drilling They are best in firmer sea bottoms with a depth limit out to 300 ft(90m)of water The submersible platforms have been developed from earlier submersible barges which were used in shallow inlet drilling along the United States Gulf Coast. The platforms are towed location and then submerged to the sea bottom. They are very stable and can operate in areas with soft sea floors. Difficulty in the rapidity with which they can be raised or lowered, once on location Semisubmersibles(Fig 3)are a version of submersibles. They can work as bottom-supported units or in deep water as floaters. Their key virtue is the wide range of water depths in which they can operate, plus the fact that, when working as floaters, their primary buoyancy lies below the action of the waves, thus providing great stability. The"semis"are the most recent of the rig-type Floating drill ships(Fig 4) are capable of drilling in 60-ft(18-m)to abyssal depths. The built as self-propelled ships or with a ship configuration that requires towing Several twin-hulled versions have been constructed to give a stable catamaran design. Floating drill ships use anchoring or ingenious dynamic positioning systems to stabilize their position, the latter being necessary in deeper waters. Floaters cannot be used in waters much shallower than 70 ft because Fig 3 Offshore semisubmersible drilling platform
Fig.2 Offshore self-elevating drilling platform. (a)----Underwater design (b)-----self-elevating drilling platform location, where the legs are lowered to the sea floor, and the platform is jacked up above wave height. These self-contained platforms are especially suited to wildcat and delineation drilling. They are best in firmer sea bottoms with a depth limit out to 300 ft (90m) of water. The submersible platforms have been developed from earlier submersible barges which were used in shallow inlet drilling along the United States Gulf Coast. The platforms are towed to location and then submerged to the sea bottom. They are very stable and can operate in areas with soft sea floors. Difficulty in the rapidity with which they can be raised or lowered, once on location. Semisubmersibles (Fig.3) are a version of submersibles. They can work as bottom-supported units or in deep water as floaters. Their key virtue is the wide range of water depths in which they can operate, plus the fact that, when working as floaters, their primary buoyancy lies below the action of the waves, thus providing great stability. The “semis” are the most recent of the rig-type platforms. Floating drill ships (Fig.4) are capable of drilling in 60-ft (18-m)to abyssal depths. They are built as self-propelled ships or with a ship configuration that requires towing. Several twin-hulled versions have been constructed to give a stable catamaran design. Floating drill ships use anchoring or ingenious dynamic positioning systems to stabilize their position, the latter being necessary in deeper waters. Floaters cannot be used in waters much shallower than 70 ft because Fig. 3 Offshore semisubmersible drilling platform
些 Fig 4 Floating drill ship. Such ships can drill in depths from 60 to 1000 tf(18 to 300m )or more of the special equipment required for drilling from the vessel subject to vertical movement from waves and tidal changes, as well as minor horizontal shifts due to stretch and play in anchor lines Exploration in deeper waters necessitates building more semisubmersible and floating drill ships A conventional exploratory hole has been drilled 50 mi(80km) off the coast of Gabon in 2150 ft (655m)of water by Shell Deep Water Drilling Company using the Sedco 445 drill ship. The Glomar Challenger has drilled stratigraphic holes in the sea floor to a depth of 3334 ft (1016m) in water depths of 20000ft(6km) ( From"McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology", VoL9. 1982) Technical Terms 1. mobile drilling platform移动式钻井平15.sef- contained platform自持式平台 台 16. wildcat drilling(打)预探井 2. offshore technology离岸(近海)工程17. delineation drilling(打)估产井 技术 8. shallow inlet浅水内湾 3. driller钻井船,钻机 19. version形式,变种,方案 4. land rig陆用钻机 20. bottom- supported unit座底式平台 5. fixed platform固定式平台 21. floater浮动式平台(或船),漂浮物 6. tender ship供应船 2 virtue优点 7. rig platform钻井平台 23. abyssal depth极深的深度 8. self-elevating platform自升式平台 24.twin- hulled version双体船型 9. submersible( platform)座底式(平台)25. catamaran双体船 10. semisubmersible( platform)半潜式(平26. dynamic positioning system动力定位系 台) 1l. floating drill ship浮动式钻井船,钻井27. tidal change潮汐变化 28. stretch and play绷紧和松弛 12. jack-up platform/unit自升式平台 29. exploration勘 13.leg桩腿 30. exploratory hole勘探井 14. sea floor海底 31. stratigraphic hole地层孔
Fig. 4 Floating drill ship. Such ships can drill in depths from 60 to 1000 tf (18 to 300m ) or more of the special equipment required for drilling from the vessel subject to vertical movement from waves and tidal changes, as well as minor horizontal shifts due to stretch and play in anchor lines. Exploration in deeper waters necessitates building more semisubmersible and floating drill ships. A conventional exploratory hole has been drilled 50 mi (80km) off the coast of Gabon in 2150 ft (655m) of water by Shell Deep Water Drilling Company using the Sedco 445 drill ship. The Glomar Challenger has drilled stratigraphic holes in the sea floor to a depth of 3334 ft (1016m) in water depths of 20000ft (6km). (From “McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology”, Vol.9.1982) Technical Terms 1. mobile drilling platform 移动式钻井平 台 2. offshore technology 离岸（近海）工程 技术 3. driller 钻井船，钻机 4. land rig 陆用钻机 5. fixed platform 固定式平台 6. tender ship 供应船 7. rig platform 钻井平台 8. self-elevating platform 自升式平台 9. submersible （platform）座底式（平台） 10. semisubmersible (platform) 半潜式（平 台） 11. floating drill ship 浮动式钻井船，钻井 船 12. jack-up platform/unit 自升式平台 13. leg 桩腿 14. sea floor 海底 15. self-contained platform 自持式平台 16. wildcat drilling （打）预探井 17. delineation drilling （打）估产井 18. shallow inlet 浅水内湾 19. version 形式，变种，方案 20. bottom-supported unit 座底式平台 21. floater 浮动式平台（或船），漂浮物 22. virtue 优点 23. abyssal depth 极深的深度 24. twin-hulled version 双体船型 25. catamaran 双体船 26. dynamic positioning system 动力定位系 统 27. tidal change 潮汐变化 28. stretch and play 绷紧和松弛 29. exploration 勘探 30. exploratory hole 勘探井 31. stratigraphic hole 地层孔
Additional Terms and Expressions 1. dynamic positioning drilling ship动力20. tubular joint node管接头 定位钻进船 21. tubular member管状构件 2. supply vessel供应船 2. conductor pipe导管 3. single point mooring单点系泊 23. brace tube撑管 4.mult- point mooring多点系泊 24. bracing撑杆 5. single anchor leg mooring单锚腿系泊25cord弦杆 6. Mobile offshore drilling units(MODU)26. modular shoring模式支撑 移动式近海钻井平台 27. jacking house固桩区 single buoy mooring单浮筒系泊 28. vertical column立柱 8. surface units水面浮式钻井平台 29. sole plate底板 9. self-propelled units自航式钻井船 30. riser隔水管 10. column stabilized units立柱稳定式钴31. bypass manifold旁道岐管 井平台 32. crossover sub换向接头 1l. drilling ship钻井船 33. directional sub定向接头 12. mobile maintenance platform移动式维 orienting定向环 修平台 35. survivability自存性 13. articulated buoyant tower铰接式浮力36. non-ductile无延展性 塔 37. postbuckling后期屈曲 14. escort ship护卫舰 38.non- -linear behaviour非线性特性 l6. tidal/splash zone高潮水面与低潮水面40. brittle rupture脆性断单性变性 15. submerged zone全浸区,下潜区 39. inelastic deformation =E 之间的飞溅区 41. ultimate punch strength极限冲击强度 17. critical structural element关键构件 42. plastic flexural hinge挠性塑性铰 18. primary structural element主要构件43. overstressing超应力 19. secondary structural element次要构件 Notes to the Text 1. to cope with对付 2. All new types stress characteristics of mobil ity and the capability for work in even deeper water 句中的 stress作动词用,选择“强调”之意。 3. Difficulty in towing is a disadvantage, but this is partially offset by rapidity with which they can be raised or lowered once on locatio With which they can be raised or lowered定语从句,修饰 rapidity. with which在从句中作 状语 once on location(一旦就位后)”为省略句,参见第九课注3 plus the fact that, when working as floaters, their primary buoyancy lies below the action of the waves thus providing great stabilit that引出同位语从句,修饰 i the fact其中 when working as floaters为省略了主语和谓语 动词be的时间状语从句
Additional Terms and Expressions 1. dynamic positioning drilling ship 动力 定位钻进船 2. supply vessel 供应船 3. single point mooring 单点系泊 4. multi-point mooring 多点系泊 5. single anchor leg mooring 单锚腿系泊 6. Mobile Offshore Drilling Units(MODU) 移动式近海钻井平台 7. single buoy mooring 单浮筒系泊 8. surface units 水面浮式钻井平台 9. self-propelled units 自航式钻井船 10. column stabilized units 立柱稳定式钻 井平台 11. drilling ship 钻井船 12. mobile maintenance platform 移动式维 修平台 13. articulated buoyant tower 铰接式浮力 塔 14. escort ship 护卫舰 15. submerged zone 全浸区，下潜区 16. tidal/splash zone 高潮水面与低潮水面 之间的飞溅区 17. critical structural element 关键构件 18. primary structural element 主要构件 19. secondary structural element 次要构件 20. tubular joint node 管接头 21. tubular member 管状构件 22. conductor pipe 导管 23. brace tube 撑管 24. bracing 撑杆 25. cord 弦杆 26. modular shoring 模式支撑 27. jacking house 固桩区 28. vertical column 立柱 29. sole plate 底板 30. riser 隔水管 31. bypass manifold 旁道岐管 32. crossover sub 换向接头 33. directional sub 定向接头 34. orienting 定向环 35. survivalability 自存性 36. non-ductile 无延展性 37. postbuckling 后期屈曲 38. non-linear behaviour 非线性特性 39. inelastic deformation 非弹性变性 40. brittle rupture 脆性断裂 41. ultimate punch strength 极限冲击强度 42. plastic flexural hinge 挠性塑性铰 43. overstressing 超应力 Notes to the Text 1. to cope with 对付 2. All new types stress characteristics of mobility and the capability for work in even deeper water. 句中的 stress 作动词用，选择“强调”之意。 3. Difficulty in towing is a disadvantage, but this is partially offset by rapidity with which they can be raised or lowered, once on location With which they can be raised or lowered 定语从句，修饰 rapidity.with which 在从句中作 状语。 “once on location(一旦就位后)”为省略句，参见第九课注 3。 4. … plus the fact that, when working as floaters ,their primary buoyancy lies below the action of the waves thus providing great stability. that 引出同位语从句，修饰 the fact.其中 when working as floaters 为省略了主语和谓语 动词 be 的时间状语从句
Providing great stability现在分词短语,置于句末表示结果 5.“sems”为 "semisubmersibles”'的缩写,是半潜式平台之意 the latter being necessary is deeper waters 独立分词结构。 The latter指 dynamic positioning systems参见第十二课注4 7. Floaters cannot be used in waters much shallower than 70ft because of the special equipment required for drilling from the vessel subject to vertical movement from waves and tidal changes as well as minor horizontal
Providing great stability 现在分词短语，置于句末表示结果。 5. “semis”为“semisubmersibles”的缩写，是半潜式平台之意。 6. …, the latter being necessary is deeper waters. 独立分词结构。The latter 指 dynamic positioning systems 参见第十二课注 4。 7. Floaters cannot be used in waters much shallower than 70ft because of the special equipment required for drilling from the vessel subject to vertical movement from waves and tidal changes ,as well as minor horizontal