Pragmatics o Austin- How to do things with words Grice-The Cooperative Principle e Goffman -Face e Brown and levinson Politeness oWierzbicka-Culture and Cognition
Pragmatics •Austin – How to do things with words •Grice – The Cooperative Principle •Goffman – Face •Brown and Levinson – Politeness •Wierzbicka – Culture and Cognition
J. L. Austin How to do things with words. ° Locutionary Acts Saying something about something Illocutionary acts Doing something by saying something ● Performatives ° Perlocutionary Acts
J. L. Austin How to do things with words. • Locutionary Acts • Saying something about something • Illucutionary acts • Doing something by saying something • Performatives. • Perlocutionary Acts
Performatives 1. The uttering of the words is the performance of which is also the object of the utterance 2. Circumstances around the performative must be appropriate 1. good faith v bad faith 2. Other things have to go right(happy)( felicities) 3. Must be an accepted conventional procedure 4. Particular persons must be appropriate for the invocation of the act 5. Procedure must be executed correctly and completely 6. Person must have those thoughts and feelings requisite of the act 7. Must actually conduct themselves subsequentl
Performatives 1. The uttering of the words is .. the performance of which is also the object of the utterance. 2. Circumstances around the performative must be appropriate 1. good faith v. bad faith 2. Other things have to go right (happy) (felicities) 3. Must be an accepted conventional procedure 4. Particular persons must be appropriate for the invocation of the act 5. Procedure must be executed correctly and completely 6. Person must have those thoughts and feelings requisite of the act 7. Must actually conduct themselves subsequently
Performatives 3. Sinning against rules will make the performance unhappy 4. Explicit(I bet, I promise, ..)iMplicit performatives(where the performative is only a possibility(might, perhaps, (you might be wrong 5. Entails (all men blush)v Implies v Presupposes(all Jacks children are bald presupposes that Jack has children
Performatives 3. Sinning against rules will make the performance unhappy 4. Explicit (I bet, I promise, ...) v Implicit performatives (where the performative is only a possibility (might, perhaps, (you might be wrong) 5. Entails (all men blush) v. Implies v Presupposes (all Jacks children are bald presupposes that Jack has children
Examples of Austins Performatives 1. Verdictives: Delivering a verdict judgement official or unofficial, acquit, convict, find (as a matter of fact), hold, interpret as, understand, read it as, rule, calculate, reckon, estimate, locate, place, date, measure, put it at, make it, take it, grade, rank, rate, assess, value, describe, characterize, diagnose, analyze 2. EXercitives: Giving a decision in favor or against a certain course of action from a position of power appoint, degrade, demote, dismiss, excommunicate, name, order, command, direct, sentence, fine, grant, levy, vote for nominate, choose, claim, give, bequeath, pardon, resign warn,advise, plead, pray, entreat, beg, urge, press recommend, proclaim, announce, quash, counterman, annul repeal, enact, reprieve, veto, dedicate, declare closed declare open
Examples of Austin’s Performatives 1. Verdictives: Delivering a verdict, judgement official or unofficial, acquit, convict, find (as a matter of fact), hold, interpret as, understand, read it as, rule, calculate, reckon, estimate, locate, place, date, measure, put it at, make it, take it, grade, rank, rate, assess, value, describe, characterize, diagnose, analyze. 2. Exercitives: Giving a decision in favor or against a certain course of action from a position of power. appoint, degrade, demote, dismiss, excommunicate, name, order, command, direct, sentence, fine, grant, levy, vote for, nominate, choose, claim, give, bequeath, pardon, resign, warn, advise, plead, pray, entreat, beg, urge, press, recommend, proclaim, announce, quash, counterman, annul, repeal;, enact, reprieve, veto, dedicate, declare closed, declare open