Examples of Austins Performatives 3. Comissives: Commits the speaker to a course of action; implies obligation promise, covenant, contract, undertake, bind myself, give my word 4. Behabitives: Adopting an attitude in reaction to the behavior of others 1)apologize, 2) thank, 3) sympathy 4)attitudes 5) greetings, 6) wishes, 7) challenges(dare, defy, protest, challenge 5. Expositives: Expounding one's views, clarifying 1. affirm, deny, state, describe, class, identify, 2. remark. mention
Examples of Austin’s Performatives 3. Comissives: Commits the speaker to a course of action; implies obligation promise, covenant, contract, undertake, bind myself, give my word, … 4. Behabitives: Adopting an attitude in reaction to the behavior of others 1) apologize, 2) thank, 3) sympathy 4) attitudes 5) greetings, 6) wishes, 7) challenges (dare, defy, protest, challenge). 5. Expositives: Expounding one's views, clarifying • 1. affirm, deny, state, describe, class, identify; 2. remark, mention
Points to remember Austin demonstrated that while some words were used to describe things(a locutionary act), other words (and sentences) did things The variety of words on the previous slide point this out clearly Austins work introduced a new field of language study now known as pragmatics Bourdieu pointed out that conditions of the performative are all associated with the Institution
Points to remember • Austin demonstrated that while some words were used to describe things (a locutionary act), other words (and sentences) did things. • The variety of words on the previous slide point this out clearly. • Austin’s work introduced a new field of language study now known as pragmatics. • Bourdieu pointed out that conditions of the performative are all associated with the institution
Institutions (Bourdieu) and Speech Acts 1. Roles. 1. Particular persons must be appropriate for the invocation of the act 2 Practices 1. Must be an accepted conventional procedure 2. MU lust be executed correctly and completely 3. Other Considerations 1. Sincerity: Person must have those thoughts and feelings requisite of the act 2. Consistency: Must actually conduct themselves subsequently
Institutions (Bourdieu) and Speech Acts 1. Roles: 1. Particular persons must be appropriate for the invocation of the act 2. Practices: 1. Must be an accepted conventional procedure 2. Must be executed correctly and completely 3. Other Considerations 1. Sincerity: Person must have those thoughts and feelings requisite of the act 2. Consistency: Must actually conduct themselves subsequently
H. P Grice Conversational Implicature A: How is C getting on in his job [at the bank? B: Oh quite well. I think: he likes his colleaques, and he hasn't been to prison yet . What is the implicature? . While a hasn ' t been to prison, he is the sort of person who could easily end up there ii. What is a Conversational Implicature as opposed to Strictly Speaking?
H. P. Grice Conversational Implicature A: How is C getting on in his job [at the bank]? B: Oh quite well, I think; he likes his colleagues, and he hasn’t been to prison yet. i. What is the implicature? i. While A hasn’t been to prison, he is the sort of person who could easily end up there. ii. What is a Conversational Implicature as opposed to Strictly Speaking?
The Cooperative Principle and the Maxims The Principle CP Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged Specific Maxims Quality: make contribution 1)as informative and 2)not more informative than required which you lact ak w) what you believe to be false and 2)that for Quality: don't sa ck adequate evidence Relation: Be relevant Manner: 1)avoid obscurity; 2) avoid ambiguity; 3) be brief; 4)be orderly. Others? Aesthetic, social, or moral, be polite, Cultural Differences: What is relevant, polite, true will vary from culture to culture
The Cooperative Principle and the Maxims • The Principle CP • Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. • Specific Maxims • Quality: make contribution 1) as informative and 2) not more informative than required. • Quality: don’t say 1) what you believe to be false and 2) that for which you lack adequate evidence. • Relation: Be relevant • Manner: 1) avoid obscurity; 2) avoid ambiguity; 3) be brief; 4) be orderly. • Others? Aesthetic, social, or moral, be polite, ... • Cultural Differences: What is relevant, polite, true will vary from culture to culture