To understand There are no published data for Owing to the lack of A survey of literature indicated that An earlier paper reported ABS studies of A suitable method of HPLC is a valuable method for With It was pointed out in an earlier study that §23常见的例名 1. Although there has been much interest in design of new lanthanide selective ligands, there have been few studies of the thermodynamic stability of such complexes 虽然有关新型镧系选择性配体设计方面的研究兴趣很浓,但是有关这类络合物热力学稳 定性的报道却甚少 2. We report below a rapid method for the synthesis of the normal carbonates of the lanthanides in the +lll oxidation state. This method is also useful for the quantitative precipitation of the lanthanides in the +lll oxidation state and for the separation of these lanthanides from the lanthanides in the +lV oxidation state 下面我们报道一种快速方法用于制备+Ⅲ氧化态的镧系碳酸盐,该法亦可用于定量沉淀 +Ⅲ氧化态镧系化合物以及与+Ⅳ氧化态镧系化合物的分离 3. There are a number of reasons why considerable research is focused on structure determination of peptides in solution 何以大量研究都集中于溶液中缩氨酸结构的测定,可以列举许多理由说明之 4. In order to gain further insight into the nature of this anti body catalyzed elimination reaction we have carried out a series of kinetic, sterochemical, and structural studies of antibody 为了进一步考察抗体催化消除瓜的本质,我们对抗体作了一系列动力学、立体化学和结 构化学方面的研究 5. The thermodynamic parameters of complexation in aqueous solution between anthanide ions and hydroxy -keto ligands have been reported for several ligands. These systems were studied to obtain insight into the roleof such factors as ligand basicity, chelate ring size, and steric ettects on the enthalpies and entropies of complexation 水溶液中镧系离子与某些羟基酮配体之间络全作用的热力学参数业已报道,对这些体系
To understand … There are no published data for … Owing to the lack of … A survey of literature indicated that … In a preliminary study of … An earlier paper reported ABS studies of … A suitable method of …for … HPLC is a valuable method for … With respect to … … making it especially suitable for … It was pointed out in an earlier study that … §2.3 常见的例名 1. Although there has been much interest in design of new lanthanide selective ligands, there have been few studies of the thermodynamic stability of such complexes. 虽然有关新型镧系选择性配体设计方面的研究兴趣很浓，但是有关这类络合物热力学稳 定性的报道却甚少. 2. We report below a rapid method for the synthesis of the normal carbonates of the lanthanides in the +III oxidation state. This method is also useful for the quantitative precipitation of the lanthanides in the +III oxidation state and for the separation of these lanthanides from the lanthanides in the +Ⅳ oxidation state. 下面我们报道一种快速方法用于制备+III 氧化态的镧系碳酸盐，该法亦可用于定量沉淀 +III 氧化态镧系化合物以及与+Ⅳ氧化态镧系化合物的分离. 3. There are a number of reasons why considerable research is focused on structure determination of peptides in solution. 何以大量研究都集中于溶液中缩氨酸结构的测定，可以列举许多理由说明之. 4. In order to gain further insight into the nature of this antibody catalyzed elimination reaction we have carried out a series of kinetic, sterochemical, and structural studies of antibody. 为了进一步考察抗体催化消除瓜的本质，我们对抗体作了一系列动力学、立体化学和结 构化学方面的研究. 5. The thermodynamic parameters of complexation in aqueous solution between alnthanide ions and hydroxy –keto ligands have been reported for several ligands. These systems were studied to obtain insight into the role of such factors as ligand basicity, chelate ring size, and steric ettects on the enthalpies and entropies of complexation. 水溶液中镧系离子与某些羟基酮配体之间络全作用的热力学参数业已报道，对这些体系
的一步研究将考察诸多因素如配体碱度、螯合环的大小、立体效应等对热函及熵的影响 6. As far back as 1960s attention was directed towards this problem 早在60年代,人们就注意到这一问题 7. In an attempt to define the individual deprotonation steps changes in the H and P NMR chemical shifts were measured as a function of the number of protons per ligand. This approach, conjunction with acidity date on various aqueous N-acetates, was useful in establishing the dipolar nature of such ions in solution, as well as their ionization patterns 试图确定单一去质子化过程作为每一个配体质子数的函数,作者测定了H与P的核磁 位移,这种方法连同各种N-乙酸盐中的酸度资料,可用于确定溶液中诸离子的偶极性以及其 离解模式 this ligand have been reported, and the values of the equilibrium constants published differ greatly, even for identical systems It is the purpose of the present paper the formation of the calcium 有关这种配体的平衡常数报道甚少,况且新发表的资料,即使同一体系相差也很大本文 的目的正是要研究NOTP与Ca与Cd的生成常数 9. High-performance liguid chromatography(HPLC) has developed to become one of the most widely used analytical techniques It is used extensively to separate mixtures of compounds either from each other or from complex matrices, and has a major advantage over gas chromatogaphy( GC)in that polar, non-volatile or thermally unstable compounds can successful ly be separated 高效液相色谱业已发展成为应用最广的分析技术之一,既可用于混合物的彼此分离又可 用于复杂基质的分离,和气相色谱相比其主要优点是能成功地分离极性物质、非挥发性物质 和热不稳定化合物 10. The results obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained using chromatographic methods and a visual titrimatic method, which has been used routinely for the assay of vitamin tablets but which has been found to be unsatisfactory for certain tablets owing to unacceptably high blanks and difficult recognition of the end-point 本法所得结果与色谱法及目视滴定法进行了比较尽管后者业已作为维生素片剂的常规 分析方法,但由于背景高及终点难于辨认,对于某些片剂的测定仍不能令人满意 I1. Pulse polarographic techniques have usually been used to improve the sensitivity of analytica determinations, and they have not received much attention in the field of electrode kinetic processes At present, however, interest in such areas is growing as in the work of Smith et al 脉冲极谱技术通常用于改善分析测定的灵敏度,但对其电极动力学过程的研究重视不够 然而目前该领域的兴趣正在增长,这可以从Smih等人的工作中反映出来 12. The work reported here is the first in a series aimed at developing automatic methods for the control of various parameters in drinking water intended for human consumption 本文是系列研究中的第一篇,其目的是开拓自动分析方法以控制人类饮用水中的各项指 3. The coordination chemistry of the dinuclear tetracarboxylate of the transition metals are a
的一步研究将考察诸多因素如配体碱度、螯合环的大小、立体效应等对热函及熵的影响. 6. As far back as 1960s attention was directed towards this problem. 早在 60 年代，人们就注意到这一问题. 7. In an attempt to define the individual deprotonation steps, changes in the 1H and 31P NMR chemical shifts were measured as a function of the number of protons per ligand. This approach, in conjunction with acidity date on various aqueous N-acetates, was useful in establishing the dipolar nature of such ions in solution, as well as their ionization patterns. 试图确定单一去质子化过程作为每一个配体质子数的函数，作者测定了1H 与 31P 的核磁 位移，这种方法连同各种 N-乙酸盐中的酸度资料，可用于确定溶液中诸离子的偶极性以及其 离解模式. 8. Very few equilibrium data on this ligand have been reported, and the values of the equilibrium constants published differ greatly, even for identical systems. It is the purpose of the present paper investigate the formation of the calcium and cadmium complexes of NOTP. 有关这种配体的平衡常数报道甚少，况且新发表的资料，即使同一体系相差也很大.本文 的目的正是要研究 NOTP与 Ca 与 Cd的生成常数. 9. High-performance liguid chromatography (HPLC) has developed to become one of the most widely used analytical techniques. It is used extensively to separate mixtures of compounds either from each other or from complex matrices, and has a major advantage over gas chromatogaphy (GC) in that polar, non-volatile or thermally unstable compounds can successfully be separated. 高效液相色谱业已发展成为应用最广的分析技术之一，既可用于混合物的彼此分离又可 用于复杂基质的分离，和气相色谱相比其主要优点是能成功地分离极性物质、非挥发性物质 和热不稳定化合物. 10. The results obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained using chromatographic methods and a visual titrimatic method, which has been used routinely for the assay of vitamin tablets but which has been found to be unsatisfactory for certain tablets owing to unacceptalbly high blanks and difficult recognition of the end –point. 本法所得结果与色谱法及目视滴定法进行了比较.尽管后者业已作为维生素片剂的常规 分析方法，但由于背景高及终点难于辨认，对于某些片剂的测定仍不能令人满意. 11. Pulse polarographic techniques have usually been used to improve the sensitivity of analytical determinations, and they have not received much attention in the field of electrode kinetic processes. At present, however, interest in such areas is growing, as in the work of Smith et al. 脉冲极谱技术通常用于改善分析测定的灵敏度，但对其电极动力学过程的研究重视不够. 然而目前该领域的兴趣正在增长，这可以从 Smith 等人的工作中反映出来. 12. The work reported here is the first in a series aimed at developing automatic methods for the control of various parameters in drinking water intended for human consumption. 本文是系列研究中的第一篇，其目的是开拓自动分析方法以控制人类饮用水中的各项指 示. 13. The coordination chemistry of the dinuclear tetracarboxylates of the transition metals are a
focus of extensive interest owing to their wide application in fields ranging from materials science and catalysis to biological activity. Our own interest and recent efforts have been concentrated in dinuclear Rh and Mo carboxylates 过渡金属双核四羧酸盐,由于在材料科学、催化以至生物活性等领域的广泛应用,业已 成为研究的热门话题我们的兴趣及最近的研究集中在Rh与Mo的双核羧酸盐方面 14. These methods make it possible to determine accurately the lead content of this type of sample, after the elimination of both organic material and of ions with similar reduction potentials to lead The drawback to these methods when compared with others more commonly used in this field, such as atomic absorption spectrometry(AAS), lies in the time required for each determ ination 只有在消除了有机物质及和铅还原电位相近的离子后,这类方法才可能精确测定样品中 铅的含量,与该领域较为常用的方法相比,如原子吸收光谱,这类方法的缺点是每一测定均 费时 15. Relatively few papers are devoted to the studies of solvent extraction of the rare earth ions with PAN 用PAN萃取稀土离子的文章较为少见 16. In marked contrast to the extensive studies of thioether marcocycle coordination chemistry very few studies of complexes of macrocycle selenoethers have been reporte 和广为研究的硫醚大环配体化学形成鲜明对照,硒的大环络合物报道甚少 17. This paper describes methodology that combines recent advances in ICP-MS with chromatographic separations for the study of inorganic ions directly in biolog ical samples. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is chosen for these initial experiments because it operates near physiological pH and does not require organic solvents that might denature the biological molecules or otherwise remove the metals of interest 18 Resonance Raman Spectroscopy has been a valuable technique in the study of molecular vibrations of coordination complexes. The intensity in the resonance Ramar effect is derived from underlying electronic transitions with resonance enhancement occurring for Raman bands for which there is a change in equilibrium displacement between ground and excited states for corresponding normal modes We present here the resonance Raman data for a series of Ru, Os, and Re mixed complexes 19. This report describesa gas valve inlet system which uses a micro stepper motor to translate a sample delivery tube containing a side orifice. A linear step size of 2. 5um provides very high spatial resolution and thus precise positioning of the orifice along the column aXIs 20. Cooperative control of molecular and ion recognition is one of the most important regulatory processes in metabolism. Thus many studies of artificial binding systems have been carried out toclarify the cooperative mechanisms and their applications. We now
focus of extensive interest owing to their wide application in fields ranging from materials science and catalysis to biological activity. Our own interest and recent efforts have been concentrated in dinuclear Rh and Mo carboxylates. 过渡金属双核四羧酸盐，由于在材料科学、催化以至生物活性等领域的广泛应用，业已 成为研究的热门话题.我们的兴趣及最近的研究集中在 Rh与 Mo的双核羧酸盐方面. 14. These methods make it possible to determine accurately the lead content of this type of sample, after the elimination of both organic material and of ions with similar reduction potentials to lead. The drawback to these methods when compared with others more commonly used in this field, such as atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), lies in the time required for each determination. 只有在消除了有机物质及和铅还原电位相近的离子后，这类方法才可能精确测定样品中 铅的含量，与该领域较为常用的方法相比，如原子吸收光谱，这类方法的缺点是每一测定均 费时. 15. Relatively few papers are devoted to the studies of solvent extraction of the rare earth ions with PAN. 用 PAN 萃取稀土离子的文章较为少见. 16. In marked contrast to the extensive studies of thioether marcocycle coordination chemistry, very few studies of complexes of macrocycle selenoethers have been reported. 和广为研究的硫醚大环配体化学形成鲜明对照，硒的大环络合物报道甚少. 17. This paper describes methodology that combines recent advances in ICP-MS with chromatographic separations for the study of inorganic ions directly in biological samples. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is chosen for these initial experiments because it operates near physiological pH and does not require organic solvents that might denature the biological molecules or otherwise remove the metals of interest. 18. Resonance Raman Spectroscopy has been a valuable technique in the study of molecular vibrations of coordination complexes. The intensity in the resonance Raman effect is derived from underlying electronic transitions with resonance enhancement occurring for Raman bands for which there is a change in equilibrium displacement between ground and excited states for corresponding normal modes. We present here the resonance Raman data for a series of Ru, Os, and Re mixed complexes. 19. This report describes a gas valve inlet system which uses a micro stepper motor to translate a sample delivery tube containing a side orifice. A linear step size of 2.5um provides very high spatial resolution and thus precise positioning of the orifice along the column axis. 20.Cooperative control of molecular and ion recognition is one of the most important regulatory processes in metabolism. Thus many studies of artificial binding systems have been carried out to clarify the cooperative mechanisms and their applications. We now
report the synthesis of a novel host which exhibits cooperative behaviour in molecular and Ion recognition 21.. The results obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained using chromatographic methods and a visual titrimetric method. The latter method has been routinely used for the assay of vitamin tablets but has been found to be unsatisfactory for certain tablets owing to unacceptably high blanks and difficulty in the recognition of the end-point. 22. This report describes a gas valve inlet system which uses a micro stepper motor to translate a sample delivery tube containing a side orifice. A linear step size of2. 5um provides very high spatial resolution and thus precise positioning of the orifice along the column axis 23. Cooperative control of molecular and ion recognition is one of the most important regulatory processes in metabolism. Thus many studies of artificial binding systems have been carried out to clarify the cooperative mechanisms and their applications. Wenow report the synthesis of a novel host which exhibits cooperative behaviour in molecular and lon recognition 24.. The results obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained using chromatographic methods and a visual titrimetric method. The latter method has been routinely used for the assay of vitamin tablets but has been found to be unsatisfactory for certain tablets owing to unacceptably high blanks and difficulty in the recognition of the 25. The new technique of Capillary Electrophoresis( CE)has been applied to separate and determine both cationic and anionic species in many different and varied matrices. However, applications to environmental monitoring are relatively few. as the technique is both fast and accurate, we developed a method based on Ce for measuring the NH4, as well as the transition metals Cu, Ni, Fe levels in air particulates. The proposed method ind is results obtained compared favourably with those by Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICP) 26. In this paper, we report for the first time()the template-directed assembly of a novel [2 ]catenane( 8)incorporating a ruthenium-tris (2, 2'-bipyridine)complex(sensitizer )and cyclobis(paraquat-P-phenylene)(BXV4+, acceptor)(Scheme 1)and (2) photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer in this catenane complex(JAm. Chem. Soc. 1998,Vol20, pg
report the synthesis of a novel host which exhibits cooperative behaviour in molecular and ion recognition 21. .The results obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained using chromatographic methods and a visual tritrimetric method. The latter method has been routinely used for the assay of vitamin tablets but has been found to be unsatisfactory for certain tablets owing to unacceptably high blanks and difficulty in the recognition of the end-point. 22. This report describes a gas valve inlet system which uses a micro stepper motor to translate a sample delivery tube containing a side orifice. A linear step size of 2.5um provides very high spatial resolution and thus precise positioning of the orifice along the column axis. 23.Cooperative control of molecular and ion recognition is one of the most important regulatory processes in metabolism. Thus many studies of artificial binding systems have been carried out to clarify the cooperative mechanisms and their applications. We now report the synthesis of a novel host which exhibits cooperative behaviour in molecular and ion recognition 24. .The results obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained using chromatographic methods and a visual tritrimetric method. The latter method has been routinely used for the assay of vitamin tablets but has been found to be unsatisfactory for certain tablets owing to unacceptably high blanks and difficulty in the recognition of the end-point. 25.The new technique of Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) has been applied to separate and determine both cationic and anionic species in many different and varied matrices. However, applications to environmental monitoring are relatively few. As the technique is both fast and accurate, we developed a method based on CE for measuring the NH4, as well as the transition metals Cu, Ni, Fe levels in air particulates. The proposed method requires relatively simple equipment and is economical to operate. For the metals, the results obtained compared favourably with those by Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICP). 26. In this paper, we report for the first time (1) the template-directed assembly of a novel [2]catenane (8) incorporating a ruthenium-tris (2,2’-bipyridine) complex (sensitizer) and acyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (BXV4+, acceptor)(Scheme 1) and (2) photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer in this catenane complex (J.Am.Chem.Soc.1998,Vol120,pg
5822) We now include more examples of Introduction taken from different local and foreign journals covering various branches of Chemical Engineering and Chemistr Ex 6. The branched-chain D-apiose has very widespread occurrence in the plant kingdom It exists usually as a terminal residue in plant glycosides, such as saponins, flavonoids phenol glycoside, and anthraquinone glycerides etc. These D-apiose-containing glycosides play an integral role in the biochemistry of plants. However, there are few reports about the chemical synthesis of glycosides that have an apiosyl residue2-4. Methyl 2, 3, 3-tri-O-acetly-I-thio-B-D-apiofuranoside, 2, 3,3-tri acetyl-D-apiofuranosyl acetate and 2-0-acetyl-3, 3-O-benzyl-D-apiofuranosyl bromide* have been used as glycosyl donors. Because of the neighboring participation of the 2-0-acetyl group in these donors,only B-apiosides were formed. Herein, we report the synthesis ofa protected disaccharide, benzylo-(2 3, 3-tri-O-acetyl-B-D-apiofuranosyH(1-3)-24-di-O-benzoyl-a-D-xylopyranos ide(5), which is a fragment of the significant immunological adjuvant QS-215 Chinese Joumal of Chemistry, 72, Vol 18, No 1, 2000) Ex 7 An important nonsegregated flow behaviour, known as axial mixing, can occur in countercurrent wO-phase flow columns containing packingelements. This mixing represents a deviation from plug flow and is the result of the combined effect of various nonideal flow situations channeling or backflow with infinite with some transverse mixing as well as backflow with infinite cross-mixing In partially destroying the countercurrent contacting scheme of the flowing phases, this mixing adversely influences the axial concentration profile in the flowing streams, causing a decrease of the mass-transfer driving forces and in consequence a drop in separation efficiency Axial mixing in countercurrent, two-phase flow columns is mainly ascribed to viscous effects and molecular or eddy diffusion. Other factors causing axial mixing are drag from the motion of one of the countercurrent streams (large or small phase flow ratios), small density differences between phases, and maldistribution of the continuous and dispersed phases Although packings can to some extent reduce nonideal flow behavior(they mi channeling by promoting transverse mixing), it is well established that under certain opering conditions (high flow rates, high pressure, severs axial mixing in either or both phases may occur. Unfortunately, available methods capable of describing quantitatively the extent of axial mixing in packed columns are limited in number, only giving an approximate description of the real mixing behavior. A large amount of axial data have been publ ished in the literature for first-generation random packings, very few studies have appeared on axial mixing in gas-liquid flow (Kurtz et al.. 1991 mak et al
5822 ) We now include more examples of Introduction taken from different local and foreign journals covering various branches of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry: Ex 6. The branched-chain D-apiose has very widespread occurrence in the plant kingdom. It exists usually as a terminal residue in plant glycosides, such as saponins, flavonoids, phenol glycoside, and anthraquinone glycerides etc. These D-apiose-containing glycosides play an integral role in the biochemistry of plants 1 . However, there are few reports about the chemical synthesis of glycosides that have an apiosyl residue2-4 . Methyl 2,3,3’ -tri-O -acetly-1-thio--D-apiofuranoside,2 2,3,3’ -tri -O-acetyl-D-apiofuranosyl acetate3 and 2-O-acetyl-3,3’ -O-benzyl-D-apiofuranosyl bromide4 have been used as glycosyl donors. Because of the neighboring participation of the 2-O-acetyl group in these donors,only −apiosides were formed. Herein, we report the synthesis of a protected disaccharide,benzylO-(2,3,3’−tri-O-acetyl--D-apiofuranosyl-(1-3)-2,4-di-O-benzoyl--D-xylopyranos ide (5), which is a fragment of the significant immunological adjuvant QS-215 . (Chinese Journal of Chemistry, 72, Vol.18, No. 1, 2000) Ex 7 An important nonsegregated flow behaviour, known as axial mixing, can occur in countercurrent, two-phase flow columns containing packing elements. This mixing represents a deviation from plug flow and is the result of the combined effect of various nonideal flow situations: channeling or backflow with infinite with some transverse mixing as well as backflow with infinite cross-mixing. In partially destroying the countercurrent contacting scheme of the flowing phases, this mixing adversely influences the axial concentration profile in the flowing streams, causing a decrease of the mass-transfer driving forces and in consequence a drop in separation efficiency. Axial mixing in countercurrent, two-phase flow columns is mainly ascribed to viscous effects and molecular or eddy diffusion. Other factors causing axial mixing are drag from the motion of one of the countercurrent streams (large or small phase flow ratios), small density differences between phases, and maldistribution of the continuous and dispersed phases. Although packings can to some extent reduce nonideal flow behavior (they minimize channeling by promoting transverse mixing), it is well established that under certain opering conditions (high flow rates, high pressure), severse axial mixing in either or both phases may occur. Unfortunately,available methods capable of describing quantitatively the extent of axial mixing in packed columns are limited in number, only giving an approximate description of the real mixing behavior. A large amount of axial data have been published in the literature for first-generation random packings (see the next section). For modern random packings (second generation) and structured packings, very few studies have appeared on axial mixing in gas-liquid flow (Kurtz et al.. 1991:mak et al.. 1992)