sodium hydroxide solution in the absence and prese C with standard sence of magnesium, calcium, barium an cadmium ions at 1: land 1: 2 molar ratios of metal to ligand. The concentration of the experimental solution was 25mL. The ionic strength was maintained at0. 1 with potassium nitrate 25°C时用氢氧化钠标准溶液电位滴定酸化过的 ENTMP(使用硝酸酸化),以比较镁、钙、 钡与镉离子存在与不存在的情况金属与配体的摩尔比为1:1和12配体浓度约为1×10-M,溶 液体积为25ml,用硝酸钾维持离子强度为0.1. Ex. 4 The extraction behav ior of trivalent lanthanide ions has been studied with dbm the ratio of Ln: DBM in the extracted species was determined to be 1: 3 by the slope analysis method 研究了三价镧系离子与DBM的萃取行为,斜率分析表明可萃形体中 Ln dBM=1:3 Ex 5 Lanthanide ions form relatively strong complexes with a variety of polyaminopolycarboxylic acids The complexation stabil ity increases as the number of the amine and /or of the carboxylate 镧系离子与各种氨基多羧酸能形成相当强的络合物,其稳定性随氨基和淢羧基给电子基 团的增多而增大 Ex 6 The oscillator strengths of certain 4f+ transitions in lanthanide(Ill)complexes ex-hibit cially strong sensitivity to the structural details and chemical nature of the ligar environment. This phenomenon is generally referred to as hypersensitivity, and it has been the subject of considerable experimental and theoretical investigation. 镧系(ID络合物中某些4→4电子跃迁的振子强度对配位环境的化学性质和结构特别 敏感,这一现象通常称之为超灵敏性,业已成为实验和理论研究的重大课题 §1.3复合词的构成 随着科学技术的发展,新材质、新方法、新概念不断出现,为了及时描述这些析事物, 通常可用几个词连起来用这些新出现的合成术语没有固定的构成法,在很大程度上取决于作 者最初的命名,如名词的罗列,形容词和名词,副词、形容词和名词,以及旧词新意等等 经过长时间的使用和推敲,最后形成一个固定的词组,即复合词组,如 Space nuclear auxiliary power(空间核辅助能源, Programmed temperature gas chromatography(程序升温气相色谱, Potentiometric differential titration(电位差示滴定), Nickel iron storage battery(镍铁蓄电池), Number average molecular weight(数均分子量)等等
ENTMP, acidified with nitric acid, was titrated potentio -metrically at 25C with standard sodium hydroxide solution in the absence and presence of magnesium, calcium, barium and cadmium ions at 1:1and 1:2 molar ratios of metal to ligand. The concentration of the experimental solution was 25ml. The ionic strength was maintained at 0.1 with potassium nitrate. 25C 时用氢氧化钠标准溶液电位滴定酸化过的ENTMP（使用硝酸酸化），以比较镁、钙、 钡与镉离子存在与不存在的情况.金属与配体的摩尔比为 1:1 和1:2 配体浓度约为 110−3M，溶 液体积为 25ml，用硝酸钾维持离子强度为 0.1. Ex. 4 The extraction behavior of trivalent lanthanide ions has been studied with DBM. The ratio of Ln : DBM in the extracted species was determined to be 1 : 3 by the slope analysis method. 研究了三价镧系离子与 DBM 的萃取行为，斜率分析表明可萃形体中 Ln:DBM=1 : 3. Ex. 5 Lanthanide ions form relatively strong complexes with a variety of polyaminopolycarboxylic acids. The complexation stability increases as the number of the amine and /or of the carboxylate donor groups increases. 镧系离子与各种氨基多羧酸能形成相当强的络合物，其稳定性随氨基和/或羧基给电子基 团的增多而增大. Ex. 6 The oscillator strengths of certain 4f → 4f transitions in lanthanide (Ⅲ) complexes ex- hibit an especially strong sensitivity to the structural details and chemical nature of the ligand environment. This phenomenon is generally referred to as hypersensitivity, and it has been the subject of considerable experimental and theoretical investigation. 镧系(III) 络合物中某些 4f → 4f 电子跃迁的振子强度对配位环境的化学性质和结构特别 敏感，这一现象通常称之为超灵敏性，业已成为实验和理论研究的重大课题. §1.3 复合词的构成 随着科学技术的发展，新材质、新方法、新概念不断出现，为了及时描述这些析事物， 通常可用几个词连起来用.这些新出现的合成术语没有固定的构成法，在很大程度上取决于作 者最初的命名，如名词的罗列，形容词和名词，副词、形容词和名词，以及旧词新意等等. 经过长时间的使用和推敲，最后形成一个固定的词组，即复合词组，如Space nuclear auxiliary power (空间核辅助能源)，Programmed temperature gas chromatography (程序升温气相色谱)， Potentiometric differential titration (电位差示滴定)，Nickel iron storage battery (镍铁蓄电池)， Number average molecular weight（数均分子量）等等
对于这一类合成术语在论文中第一次出现时应作较为详细的说明,待约定俗成之后就成 为本专业的通用语有关这方面的构成法在专着中均有详细说明 14常用的缩写词 CA中使用了许多缩写词,查阅时可参见相应卷中的说明,本书不再重述这里所说的是 在一般论文中出现的缩写词,大多来自拉丁语,少部分为英语单词的缩写 )B C Before 公元前 = Christ,拉丁语 大约 3)cf = confer,拉丁语 参见 4)c/o 由…转交 example 例子,例如 =et cetera 等等 7)et al =et alibi 以及其它 8)e·g·= exempli gratia,拉丁语 (for example 例如 9) Eq equation 方程式 10)ibid. = abide,拉丁语 出处同上 idem,拉丁语 同著者 12)i.e = id est,拉丁语 即,就是 13)i.c = loco citato,拉丁语 上述的 14)N.B.= nota bene,拉丁语 ( note well 注意 15) Ref reference 参考文献 16)Va 拉丁语(= by way of) 经由,经过 7) vice vera 拉丁语 反之亦然 18)Vz = videlicet拉丁语 即,就是说 19)vs. ersus,拉丁语 对 0)v.s. vide supra拉丁语 见前面所述 Introduction 2.1 Introduction The introduction is the part of the paper that provides readers with the background information for the
对于这一类合成术语在论文中第一次出现时应作较为详细的说明，待约定俗成之后就成 为本专业的通用语.有关这方面的构成法在专着中均有详细说明. §1.4 常用的缩写词 CA 中使用了许多缩写词，查阅时可参见相应卷中的说明，本书不再重述.这里所说的是 在一般论文中出现的缩写词，大多来自拉丁语，少部分为英语单词的缩写. 1) B.C. = Before 公元前 2) Ca. = Christ，拉丁语 大约 3) cf. = confer，拉丁语 参见 4) c /o = care of 由……转交 5) Ex. = example 例子，例如 6) Etc = et cetera 等等 7) et al. = et alibi 以及其它… 8) e·g· = exempli gratia, 拉丁语 (= for example ) 例如 9) Eq. = equation 方程式 10) ibid. = ibidem，拉丁语 出处同上 11) id. = idem，拉丁语 同著者 12) i. e. = id est，拉丁语 即，就是 13) i. c. = loco citato, 拉丁语 上述的 14) N. B. = nota bene, 拉丁语 ( = note well ) 注意 15) Ref. = reference 参考文献 16) Via 拉丁语( = by way of ) 经由，经过 17) vice vera 拉丁语 反之亦然 18) viz. = videlicet, 拉丁语 即，就是说 19) vs. = versus, 拉丁语 对… 20) v. s. = vide supra, 拉丁语 见前面所述 Introduction 2.1 Introduction The introduction is the part of the paper that provides readers with the background information for the
research reported in the paper. Its purpose is to establish the framework for the research, so that eaders can understand how it is related to other research. The introduction represents in summary the writers thinking about the problem in conceptual form. Arising from this research problem, a particular research question or questions are identified. Thewriter also provides the past literature and references that form the background for these research questions The answering of this question or questions constitutes the objective of the research. The introduction normally includes at least the following parts (a) Derivat ion and statement of the problem and discussion of the nature of the problem (b) Discussion of the background of the problem (c)Derivation and statement of the research question/questions or objectives of the research We now give some examples of Introductions for a variety of research topics 第二章 Introduction §21 Introduction的常见写法 Introduction是文章的开头,也是最难写的一部分这里应该包括本文的目的,作者的思路 与想法,以及在该领域所占有的资料良好的开端是成功之半,文章的开头,也是文章的框架 个好开头能经读者耳目一新的感觉,使读者能够饶有兴趣地读下去 一般说来, Introduction至少应包括三个部分:①问题的提出,即为什幺要研究这一课题 ②背景材料,即该领域的过去、现状以及存在的问题;③本文的目的,即作者要回答或者要 解决什幺问题 背景材料大部分来源于参考文献,但引文并不是越多越好,作者应当对浩瀚的文献进行 萃取和抽提首先应该引用在该领域有重要影响而又与本文直接相关的文献,即与本文的观点 相同或者相异的文献再引用与本文某一部分内容相关或间接相关的资料,这些间接相关的资 料有助于作者打开思路,提出问题,对于系列研究,应引用作者以往的工作引文的多少视文 章的内容与需要而定,少则几篇,多则几十篇,但与本文无关的文献不能引用,有些刊物的 征稿简则中明确规定了引文的最高限自己没有阅读过的文献一律不能引用,切忌从文献中转 引文献的不良作法 对于综述论性文章,引文当然超多越好,而且应给出时间区间和期刊范围,然后才能就
research reported in the paper. Its purpose is to establish the framework for the research, so that readers can understand how it is related to other research. The introduction represents in summary the writer’s thinking about the problem in conceptual form. Arising from this research problem, a particular research question or questions are identified. The writer also provides the past literature and references that form the background for these research questions. The answering of this question or questions constitutes the objective of the research. The introduction normally includes at least the following parts: (a) Derivation and statement of the problem and discussion of the nature of the problem (b) Discussion of the background of the problem (c ) Derivation and statement of the research question/questions or objectives of the research We now give some examples of Introductionsfor a variety of research topics. 第二章 Introduction §2.1 Introduction 的常见写法 Introduction 是文章的开头，也是最难写的一部分.这里应该包括本文的目的，作者的思路 与想法，以及在该领域所占有的资料.良好的开端是成功之半，文章的开头，也是文章的框架， 一个好开头能经读者耳目一新的感觉，使读者能够饶有兴趣地读下去. 一般说来，Introduction 至少应包括三个部分：①问题的提出，即为什幺要研究这一课题； ②背景材料，即该领域的过去、现状以及存在的问题；③本文的目的，即作者要回答或者要 解决什幺问题. 背景材料大部分来源于参考文献，但引文并不是越多越好，作者应当对浩瀚的文献进行 萃取和抽提.首先应该引用在该领域有重要影响而又与本文直接相关的文献，即与本文的观点 相同或者相异的文献.再引用与本文某一部分内容相关或间接相关的资料，这些间接相关的资 料有助于作者打开思路，提出问题，对于系列研究，应引用作者以往的工作.引文的多少视文 章的内容与需要而定，少则几篇，多则几十篇，但与本文无关的文献不能引用，有些刊物的 征稿简则中明确规定了引文的最高限.自己没有阅读过的文献一律不能引用，切忌从文献中转 引文献的不良作法. 对于综述论性文章，引文当然超多越好，而且应给出时间区间和期刊范围，然后才能就
某一专题在特定时间范围内进行评论 在仔细阅读了大量文献之后,应该对本文所研究的范围给出一个明晰的框架,对于常识 性的问题或者成熟的理论不必陈述,重点要将该领域中互不相同的各派观点或混淆的概念抽 提出来,进而提出本文要研究的问题,以及如何研究 Introduction的写法没有统一的格式,长短也不一,视文章的内容及背景材料而定下面看 几个例子 Ex I Introduction Amino phosphonic acid ligands are of interest in biological systems and as chelating agents for metal ions Protonation and metal ion complexation of some of these ligands have been re-porte by Martellet al 2 3 using potentiometric titration and by Marov et al. 45 using H NMR spectroscopy These studies confirmed the existence of 1: I metal-to -ligand complexes that became protonated at pH values below 8-10 depending on the cation. The resolution of the H-NMR spectra was insufficient to allow more extensive interpretat ion about the nature of the r Proton resonance studies of the diamagnetic metal complexes of amino carboxylate ligands in aqueous solutions have provided information on the metal -igand bond labilities and on structural features of the complexs. 9In this paper we report the report the results of similar high-resolution NMR(H andP)studies of ethylenediaminetetrakis( methylenephosphonic acid )and some of its (E N Rizkalla g R Choppin Inorg.Chem. 1983, 22(10): 1479) 这篇 Introduction很短,仅有两段引文也不多,共8篇,但读起来言简意胲,一目了然. 作者开宗明义说明所研究配体的兴趣所在,又概括了HNMR光谱及质子化测定两种方法在 研究该类配体中已取得的成果及代表作,进而说明本文拟借助于成熟的研究氨羧络合剂配体 手段来研究另一类相似配体—氨基膦酸类络合剂 ENTMP,暗示亦含有相互比较的意思 通过阅读 Introduction,读者可以俯到这篇文章是该领域的延伸,而不是新方法或新物质 的首次报道 Ex 2 Introduction Aminomethylphosphonic acid, H2 P(OXOH)h, was first described in two patents,2 having been prepared by the reaction of hydroxymethylamides of carboxylic acids with phos-phorus trichloride and subsequent hydrolysis. A related method reported later involved the teraction of bromomethylphthalimid with sodium diethyl bhosphonate 3,4 or triethylphosphite, 6 followed by hydrolysis Another synthesis is based on the ammonolysis/ of diethyl halometh-ylphosphonate with aqueous ammonia and subsequent hydrolysis Amore recent procedure utilizes the Curtius degradation of diethyl phosphonoacetylhydrazide to give aminomethylph-osphonic acid
某一专题在特定时间范围内进行评论. 在仔细阅读了大量文献之后，应该对本文所研究的范围给出一个明晰的框架，对于常识 性的问题或者成熟的理论不必陈述，重点要将该领域中互不相同的各派观点或混淆的概念抽 提出来，进而提出本文要研究的问题，以及如何研究. Introduction 的写法没有统一的格式，长短也不一，视文章的内容及背景材料而定.下面看 几个例子. Ex.1 Introduction Amino phosphonic acid ligands are of interest in biological systems and as chelating agents for metal ions. Protonation and metal ion complexation of some of these ligands have been re-ported by Martell et al.2,3 using potentiometric titration and by Marov et al.4,5 using H NMR spectroscopy. These studies confirmed the existence of 1 : 1 metal – to – ligand complexes that became protonated at pH values below 8- 10 depending on the cation. The resolution of the 1H-NMR spectra was insufficient to allow more extensive interpretation about the nature of the metal –donor atom bonding etc. Proton resonance studies of the diamagnetic metal complexes of amino carboxylate ligands in aqueous solutions have provided information on the metal –ligand bond labilities and on structural features of the complexs.6~9 In this paper we report the report the results of similar high- resolution NMR (1H and 31P) studies of ethylenediaminetetrakis (methylenephosphonic acid ) and some of its metal complex-es. (E. N. Rizkalla & G. R. Choppin. Inorg·Chem. 1983, 22(10): 1479) 这篇 Introduction 很短，仅有两段引文也不多，共 8 篇，但读起来言简意胲，一目了然. 作者开宗明义说明所研究配体的兴趣所在，又概括了 H NMR 光谱及质子化测定两种方法在 研究该类配体中已取得的成果及代表作，进而说明本文拟借助于成熟的研究氨羧络合剂配体 的手段来研究另一类相似配体——氨基膦酸类络合剂ENTMP，暗示亦含有相互比较的意思. 通过阅读Introduction，读者可以俯到这篇文章是该领域的延伸，而不是新方法或新物质 的首次报道. Ex. 2 Introduction Aminomethylphosphonic acid, H2NCH2P(O)(OH)2, was first described in two patents1, 2 as having been prepared by the reaction of hydroxymethylamides of carboxylic acids with phos-phorus trichloride and subsequent hydrolysis. A related method reported later involved the in-teraction of bromomethylphthalimid with sodium diethyl bhosphonate 3, 4 or triethylphosphite5, 6 followed by hydrolysis. Another synthesis is based on the ammonolysis7-9 of diethyl halometh-ylphosphonate with aqueous ammonia and subsequent hydrolysis. Amore recent procedure utilizes the Curtius degradation of diethyl phosphonoacetylhydrazide to give aminomethylph-osphonic acid
Over-all yields of aminomethylphosphonic acid by the above methods vary from 20 to about 50%, and the melting points reported for the products obtained range from 286.5, above 300, -310(with decomposition )-to 318-320 6 This paper reports a novel and convenient method for the preparation of aminomethylpho-sphonic acid in high yield from readily avail able starting materials and clarifies the be-havior of this acid upon melting (K. Moedritzer. Synth in Inorg. Metalong Chem 1972, 2 (4) 317) 这篇文章是要介绍一种新的合成氨甲基膦酸的方法,这种化合物并不是新的作者采用常 规写法用三段来叙述,首先概括了已有的合成方法,第二段指出这些方法的缺点是产率不高 以及对产物熔点的报道也不一致,暗示合成的产物统度不高,第三段则是本文的目的,推荐 种商产率的合成方法及对熔点测定的澄清文字不多,简明扼要 Ex 3 Introduction Considerable interest has been emerging and some speculative debate has developed in the new class of chelating lig-ands containing aminophosphonate groups. By means of potentiometric studies, Martell and coworkers have detemined the acid dissociation constants and metal chelate formation constants for the ligands nitriloacetiddi(methylenephosphonic )acid [1] nitriloacetic B-propionic-(methylenephosphonic )acid [1] ethylenediamine -N,N, N, N,tetra ( methylenephosphonic )acid [2] ethylenediamine-N, N,-diacetIc-N, N, - di (methylenephosphonic )acid 3), and nitrilodiacetic(methylenephosphonic )acid [4 Indeed Schwarzenbach et al. [5] as early as 1949, first reported the relatively strong chelating tendency of the latter phosphonate containing ligand for the Ca(ll)ion. Kabachnik et al. [6, 7] also studied two f the above mentioned compounds, however, they offer neither analytical data nor other evidence to support their results Nevertheless, Kabachnik concludes in very general terms that various metal chelates of phosphonate containing mul tidentate ligands possess stabilities"no lower than the stabilities of analogous complexes with EDTA[). It has been proposed [1, 3), and disputed [8 that when two or more phosphonate groups are present in the ligand the rather large negative charges of the phosphonate groups prevent them from all coming together about a single positive ( divalent )metal ion In order to bring this problem to a dear understanding, in this work three phosphorus containing ligands have been synthesized by the procedure of Toy and Uhing[ga), and their metal ion affinities and stoimetries of metal ion interaction were quantitatively measured. Ethylenediaminedi (methylenephosphonic )acid(EDDPl )and ethy lenediaminetetra(methylenephosphonic )acid (EDTPIO ) represent first examples of the phosphinate group used as analogs of EDDA and EDTA. Ethylenediaminedi(methylenephosphonic )acid(EDDP )was synthesized for comparison purposes and providing further evidence on the conclusions drawn from the hitherto unstudied methylenephosphonic acid substituent as a coordinating group for metals
Over–all yields of aminomethylphosphonic acid by the above methods vary from 20 to about 50%,and the melting points reported for the products obtained range from 286.5, 10 above 300,1-5 310 (with decomposition )7-9 to 318-3200 . 6 This paper reports a novel and convenient method for the preparation of aminomethylpho-sphonic acid in high yield from readily available starting materials and clarifies the be-havior of this acid upon melting. (K. Moedritzer. Synth. in Inorg. Metalorg. Chem. 1972,2(4):317) 这篇文章是要介绍一种新的合成氨甲基膦酸的方法，这种化合物并不是新的.作者采用常 规写法用三段来叙述，首先概括了已有的合成方法，第二段指出这些方法的缺点是产率不高 以及对产物熔点的报道也不一致，暗示合成的产物统度不高，第三段则是本文的目的，推荐 一种商产率的合成方法及对熔点测定的澄清.文字不多，简明扼要. Ex. 3 Introduction Considerable interest has been emerging and some speculative debate has developed in the new class of chelating lig-ands containing aminophosphonate groups. By means of potentiometric studies, Martell and coworkers have determined the acid dissociation constants and metal chelate formation constants for the ligands nitriloaceticdi (methylenephosphonic ) acid [1], nitriloacetic - - propionic – (methylenephosphonic ) acid [1], ethylenediamine –N, N, N, N, -tetra (methylenephosphonic ) acid [2], ethylenediamine-N, N-diacetic -N, N, -di (methylenephosphonic ) acid [3], and nitrilodiacetic (methylenephosphonic ) acid [4]. Indeed, Schwarzenbach et al. [5] as early as 1949, first reported the relatively strong chelating tendency of the latter phosphonate containing ligand for the Ca ( II ) ion. Kabachnik et al. [6,7] also studied two of the above mentioned compounds, however, they offer neither analytical data nor other evidence to support their results. Nevertheless, Kabachnik concludes in very general terms that various metal chelates of phosphonate containing multidentate ligands possess stabilities “no lower than the stabilities of analogous complexes with EDTA”[7]. It has been proposed [1, 3], and disputed [8], that when two or more phosphonate groups are present in the ligand the rather large negative charges of the phosphonate groups prevent them from all coming together about a single positive (divalent ) metal ion. In order to bring this problem to a clear understanding, in this work three phosphorus containing ligands have been synthesized by the procedure of Toy and Uhing [9a], and their metal ion affinities and stoimetries of metal ion interaction were quantitatively measured. Ethylenediaminedi (methylenephosphinic ) acid (EDDPI ) and ethylenediaminetetra (methylenephosphinic ) acid (EDTPIO ) represent first examples of the phosphinate group used as analogs of EDDA and EDTA. Ethylenediaminedi (methylenephosphonic ) acid (EDDP ) was synthesized for comparison purposes and providing further evidence on the conclusions drawn from the hitherto unstudied methylenephosphinic acid substituent as a coordinating group for metals