旌黄有寸 《商务英语》 课后练习 services either alongside or,in some instances,perhaps instead of private firms.In Fig.6-1(c) there is a layer of state regulation of the market as a whole. Using the illustrative categories in Fig.6-1,can we say what a'real'economy looks like- what is its typical form?In fact,mixed economies will be typified by the presence of markets represented by all three of the panels(a)(c)in Fig.6-1.Mixed economies are defined by the existence in them of some combination of public and private resource allocation:both private firms and government are involved in determining what society produces,how and for whom. Now,in the new millennium,most of the world's economies are like this but,prior to the late 1980s,economies in Eastern Europe and some in Africa and the Far East were centrally planned rather than mixed.This meant that there was relatively little room for private firms,and resource allocation was primarily determined by the state.Bureaucrats rather than business people decided what kinds of goods and services should be produced.They also decided how production would be organized,and controlled the way in which goods and services were distributed.Most of the old centrally planned economies are currently engaged in a process of transition to mixed status This means that the influence of the state over resource allocation is being eroded in these economies and there are increasing opportunities for private firms to actively participate in economic decision-making.So,the mixed economy is an arena in which key economic decisions are taken by business firms,consumers and government.It is also important to note that these decisions are seldom taken in isolation.Under the general imperatives of consumer sovereignty, firms,consumers and government continually interact with one another across most markets in the mixed economy.In terms of Fig.6-1,this means that(b)and(c)are most prevalent,with (a)-the free market-in reality quite rare. Questions: 1.According to the degree of influence that government has over the market economists categorizes it into A.free market and not free market B.free market and mixed economy C.free market,mixed economy and economy in transition D.mixed economy,centrally planned economy and Economy in transition. 2.State intervention in markets can be A.The state may elect to produce directly some goods and services itself in tandem with or instead of production by private firms B.The state may choose not to produce goods and services directly in markets but to regulate markets in some way C.Aand B D.Governments can subsidize production by private producers 3.A mixed economy is A.one in which resource allocation is almost wholly determined by government B.one in which resource allocation by the state is being eroded in favor of allocation determined by private firms and consumers C.one in which there is some role for government in resource allocation -11-
《商务英语》 课后练习 - 11 - services either alongside or, in some instances, perhaps instead of private firms. In Fig. 6-1(c) there is a layer of state regulation of the market as a whole. Using the illustrative categories in Fig. 6-1, can we say what a ‘real’ economy looks like – what is its typical form? In fact, mixed economies will be typified by the presence of markets represented by all three of the panels (a)–(c) in Fig. 6-1. Mixed economies are defined by the existence in them of some combination of public and private resource allocation: both private firms and government are involved in determining what society produces, how and for whom. Now, in the new millennium, most of the world’s economies are like this but, prior to the late 1980s, economies in Eastern Europe and some in Africa and the Far East were centrally planned rather than mixed. This meant that there was relatively little room for private firms, and resource allocation was primarily determined by the state. Bureaucrats rather than business people decided what kinds of goods and services should be produced. They also decided how production would be organized, and controlled the way in which goods and services were distributed. Most of the old centrally planned economies are currently engaged in a process of transition to mixed status. This means that the influence of the state over resource allocation is being eroded in these economies and there are increasing opportunities for private firms to actively participate in economic decision-making. So, the mixed economy is an arena in which key economic decisions are taken by business firms, consumers and government. It is also important to note that these decisions are seldom taken in isolation. Under the general imperatives of consumer sovereignty, firms, consumers and government continually interact with one another across most markets in the mixed economy. In terms of Fig. 6-1, this means that (b) and (c) are most prevalent, with (a) – the free market – in reality quite rare. Questions: 1. According to the degree of influence that government has over the market economists categorizes it into _____. A. free market and not free market B. free market and mixed economy C. free market, mixed economy and economy in transition D. mixed economy, centrally planned economy and Economy in transition. 2. State intervention in markets can be _____. A. The state may elect to produce directly some goods and services itself in tandem with or instead of production by private firms B. The state may choose not to produce goods and services directly in markets but to regulate markets in some way C. A and B D. Governments can subsidize production by private producers 3. A mixed economy is _____. A. one in which resource allocation is almost wholly determined by government B. one in which resource allocation by the state is being eroded in favor of allocation determined by private firms and consumers C. one in which there is some role for government in resource allocation
旌黄有寸 《商务英语》 课后练习 D.None of these 4.In bureaucrats rather than business people decided what kinds of goods and services should be produced,how production would be organized.and controlled the way in which goods and services were distributed. A.government controlled market B.not free market C.mixed economy D.centrally planned economy 5.What is the typical form of a real economy? A.Centrally planned economy B.Mixed economy C.Economy in transition D.Free market V.Translate the following into English: 1.由于市场上电视机供大于求，生厂商必须通过降低价格来刺激销售。 2.从理论上看来，如果商品供不应求，那么价格必然会上涨。 3.诸如消费习惯的改变等其他非直接因素会改变商品的供求从而影响价格。 4.政府对市场的干预会限制供求机制运作的范围。 5.在自由市场中，生产什么，如何生产以及如何生产等重要经济问题将主要通过消费者和 私营厂家一一通常是商业公司间的相互作用来决定。 6.竞争或许会改进商品或服务，降低价格甚至能够引进全新的产品从而使已有的产品被淘 汰。 7.实际上，最终是由消费者来决定市场的运作--他的发展，衰退以及他的变化速度。 8.近年来，一些国家已经开始恢复市场在经济中的作用。 VI.Translate the following into Chinese: The market'clears'at the point where all the supply and demand at a given price balance. That is,the amount of a commodity available at a given price equals the amount that buyers are willing to purchase at that price.It is assumed that there is a process that will result in the market reaching this point,but exactly what the process is in a real situation is an ongoing subject of research.Markets which do not clear will react in some way,either by a change in price,or in the amount produced,or in the amount demanded. 第四章 I.Answer the following questions: 1.Why has the pace of change in China been most fascinating to the world? 2.What is the obvious change to the Chinese consumers? 3.Has the status of the consumer changed?Give some examples to prove it. 4.Why does the author think TV advertising is a substantial business? 5.Does the government take marketing seriously?Give some examples. -12
《商务英语》 课后练习 - 12 - D. None of these 4. In _____, bureaucrats rather than business people decided what kinds of goods and services should be produced, how production would be organized, and controlled the way in which goods and services were distributed. A. government controlled market B. not free market C. mixed economy D. centrally planned economy 5. What is the typical form of a real economy? A. Centrally planned economy B. Mixed economy C. Economy in transition D. Free market V. Translate the following into English: 1. 由于市场上电视机供大于求，生厂商必须通过降低价格来刺激销售。 2. 从理论上看来，如果商品供不应求，那么价格必然会上涨。 3. 诸如消费习惯的改变等其他非直接因素会改变商品的供求从而影响价格。 4. 政府对市场的干预会限制供求机制运作的范围。 5. 在自由市场中，生产什么，如何生产以及如何生产等重要经济问题将主要通过消费者和 私营厂家－－通常是商业公司间的相互作用来决定。 6. 竞争或许会改进商品或服务，降低价格甚至能够引进全新的产品从而使已有的产品被淘 汰。 7. 实际上，最终是由消费者来决定市场的运作-----他的发展，衰退以及他的变化速度。 8. 近年来，一些国家已经开始恢复市场在经济中的作用。 VI. Translate the following into Chinese: The market 'clears' at the point where all the supply and demand at a given price balance. That is, the amount of a commodity available at a given price equals the amount that buyers are willing to purchase at that price. It is assumed that there is a process that will result in the market reaching this point, but exactly what the process is in a real situation is an ongoing subject of research. Markets which do not clear will react in some way, either by a change in price, or in the amount produced, or in the amount demanded. 第四章 Ⅰ.Answer the following questions: 1. Why has the pace of change in China been most fascinating to the world? 2. What is the obvious change to the Chinese consumers? 3. Has the status of the consumer changed? Give some examples to prove it. 4. Why does the author think TV advertising is a substantial business? 5. Does the government take marketing seriously? Give some examples
旌黄附子 《商务英语》 课后练习 6.Do you think that the consumers will be given more attention?Why or why not? 7.In the author's view,why are the consumers becoming more conscious of their individual needs? 8.What are the changing priorities of the consumer household? 9.What does the Chinese government do to improve peoples living standard? 10.Do you think the lifestyle of Chinese has changed?What are the changes? II.Fill in each blank of the following sentences with one of the words or phrases in the list given below and make changes when necessary: take sb/sth seriously to select set a good example to refresh casual set up to revive media courtesy orientation 1.A parent must for the children 2.The doctors her with injections of glucose. 3.He didn't even have the to call and say he couldn't come 4.He had hopes of for the national team. 5.They want to their own import-export business 6.Jean felt more comfortable in clothes 7.There will be another war somewhere else and the whole international circle will move on. 8.I was joking,but heme 9.The meeting is open to everyone,whatever their political or religious 10.I looked at the map to refresh my memory of the route. III.Multiple choice: 1.The trains provided cheap travel for the A.human B.men C.women D.masses 2.The idea of traveling through timeme. A.fascinate B.fascinating C.fascinates D.fascinated 3.A young person who has finished the course will be given priority one who has not. A.overB.up C.on D.before 4.Jen returned from vacation feeling relaxed and A.refreshes B.refreshing C.refreshed D.revive 5.Could I a favor?I need someone to collect the children from school tonight.Are you free? A.ask B.do C.pry D.demand 6.In a series of unprecedented government moves,the state defense council has in helping the prosecution. A.take an active role B.taken an active role -13-
《商务英语》 课后练习 - 13 - 6. Do you think that the consumers will be given more attention? Why or why not? 7. In the author’s view, why are the consumers becoming more conscious of their individual needs? 8. What are the changing priorities of the consumer household? 9. What does the Chinese government do to improve peoples living standard? 10. Do you think the lifestyle of Chinese has changed? What are the changes? II. Fill in each blank of the following sentences with one of the words or phrases in the list given below and make changes when necessary: take sb/sth seriously to select set a good example to refresh casual set up to revive media courtesy orientation 1. A parent must _____ for the children. 2. The doctors_____ her with injections of glucose. 3. He didn't even have the _____ to call and say he couldn't come. 4. He had hopes of _____ for the national team. 5. They want to _____ their own import-export business. 6. Jean felt more comfortable in _____ clothes. 7. There will be another war somewhere else and the whole international _____ circle will move on. 8. I was joking, but he _____ me _____. 9. The meeting is open to everyone, whatever their political or religious _____. 10. I looked at the map to refresh my memory of the route. III. Multiple choice: 1. The trains provided cheap travel for the _____. A. human B. men C. women D. masses 2. The idea of traveling through time _____ me. A. fascinate B. fascinating C. fascinates D. fascinated 3. A young person who has finished the course will be given priority _____ one who has not. A. overB. up C. on D. before 4. Jen returned from vacation feeling relaxed and _____. A. refreshes B. refreshing C. refreshed D. revive 5. Could I _____ a favor? I need someone to collect the children from school tonight. Are you free? A. ask B. do C. pry D. demand 6. In a series of unprecedented government moves, the state defense council has _____ in helping the prosecution. A. take an active role B. taken an active role
莲肉乐猫有省影上号 《商务英语》 课后练习 C.play an active role D.took an active role 7.In my sister's birthday party,she will be very disappointed if I don't A.show off B.show at C.show in D.show up 8.He was of feeling cold in the van and of the unpleasant smell of petrol. A.clear B.clarity C.conscious D.consciousness 9.There's someone at the door Dad. A.asks for B.asking for C.ask after D.ask to see 10.In order not to think of what I had done,Imy attention to the television A.took B.changed C.attract D.turned V.Reading comprehension: The Role of Consumers in Markets Consumers too are certainly a major constraint on firms.In fact,it is ultimately consumers who effectively determine the way in which markets behave-whether they grow or decline and how fast they change.Consumers will even condition how quickly products are developed and improved in markets.How do they do this?Later today if you buy a CD you are entering a market as a consumer but you would hardly perceive yourself as a major player in the music business. And this is true:on its own,your interest in John Lennon or Boyzone doesn't count for much. However,expressed collectively,purchasing power is the most powerful force at work in any market.If people decide that John Lennon's songs have begun to sound a little twee and Boyzone are a bit old,then the firms that produce and sell their CDs will focus their efforts upon other more popular or potentially more popular artists. Economists have a name for this notion of consumer power:consumer sovereignty Consumer sovereignty suggests that individual consumers have ultimate control over what markets produce.As each individual chooses to buy a good or service,he or she is affirming the existence and provision of that good or service.On the other hand,if consumers generally choose not to buy something that was formerly in demand then producers will begin to withdraw it from the market.There is no point in trying to sell goods or services that people no longer want.Box 1.1 illustrates a case in point:the threat posed by changes in fashion to Levi jeans,until recently an apparently rock-solid brand with a 120-year history.All that past popularity now counts for little:consumer preferences have changed,the market has evolved,and Levi Strauss finds it uneconomic to produce jeans in accustomed quantities.The same principle applies if consumers become avid purchasers of a good or service:producers then have a reason to increase the amount they produce.The simple presence of consumers or potential consumers also gives firms an incentive to continually refine and improve the quality of their products.A firm that innovates- produces something better or cheaper-will be rewarded with more customs and thus with more profit.It pays firms to do as much as they can to please those who might buy their goods and services.Thus economics also matters in a business context because it is able to identify and understand the nature of the consumer-led governance of markets. -14-
《商务英语》 课后练习 - 14 - C. play an active role D. took an active role 7. In my sister’s birthday party, she will be very disappointed if I don’t _____. A. show off B. show at C. show in D. show up 8. He was _____ of feeling cold in the van and of the unpleasant smell of petrol. A. clear B. clarity C. conscious D. consciousness 9. There's someone at the door _____ Dad. A. asks for B. asking for C. ask after D. ask to see 10. In order not to think of what I had done, I _____ my attention to the television. A. took B. changed C. attract D. turned V. Reading comprehension: The Role of Consumers in Markets Consumers too are certainly a major constraint on firms. In fact, it is ultimately consumers who effectively determine the way in which markets behave - whether they grow or decline and how fast they change. Consumers will even condition how quickly products are developed and improved in markets. How do they do this? Later today if you buy a CD you are entering a market as a consumer but you would hardly perceive yourself as a major player in the music business. And this is true: on its own, your interest in John Lennon or Boyzone doesn’t count for much. However, expressed collectively, purchasing power is the most powerful force at work in any market. If people decide that John Lennon’s songs have begun to sound a little twee and Boyzone are a bit old, then the firms that produce and sell their CDs will focus their efforts upon other more popular or potentially more popular artists. Economists have a name for this notion of consumer power: consumer sovereignty. Consumer sovereignty suggests that individual consumers have ultimate control over what markets produce. As each individual chooses to buy a good or service, he or she is affirming the existence and provision of that good or service. On the other hand, if consumers generally choose not to buy something that was formerly in demand then producers will begin to withdraw it from the market. There is no point in trying to sell goods or services that people no longer want. Box 1.1 illustrates a case in point: the threat posed by changes in fashion to Levi jeans, until recently an apparently rock-solid brand with a 120-year history. All that past popularity now counts for little: consumer preferences have changed, the market has evolved, and Levi Strauss finds it uneconomic to produce jeans in accustomed quantities. The same principle applies if consumers become avid purchasers of a good or service: producers then have a reason to increase the amount they produce. The simple presence of consumers or potential consumers also gives firms an incentive to continually refine and improve the quality of their products. A firm that innovates – produces something better or cheaper – will be rewarded with more customs and thus with more profit. It pays firms to do as much as they can to please those who might buy their goods and services. Thus economics also matters in a business context because it is able to identify and understand the nature of the consumer-led governance of markets
旌黄有寸 《商务英语》 课后练习 B0X1.1 Jeans blues blamed for 700 job losses By Terry Mcalister Jeans manufacturer Levi Strauss's plans to cut of late it has become associated with less'hip' nearly 700 jobs yesterday sent shockwaves public figures,such as Des O'Connor and Tony through Scotland's industrial heartland.The Blair. company also admitted that other positions could be vulnerable. Frank Ross,a Levi director,insisted the decision had been forced on Levi because of a The job losses [were]blamed on falling sales fall in jeans buying by a shrinking population of due to changes in fashion trends. young Europeans and a shift away from denim A recent survey found that UK sales of budget as a fashion fabric. jeans,priced at f19.99 or less,had slumped by 'Discretionary spending on electronics, a quarter since 1995.Top brands such as Levi computer games and accessories,leisure have also been hit hard as buyers have turned activities and travel has affected all jeans to brands such as Diesel and Dead or Red. manufacturers,along with increased Popular with wearers from James Dean to Cindy competition from'sports brands'and own label Crawford,the Levi 501 has been an brands,'he explained. indispensable fashion item for 120 years.But Source:Guardian 22 September 1999 Questions: 1.According to the passage have ultimate control over what markets produce A.individual firms B.the government C.consumers D.demand and supply relationship 2.Which of the following is not right? A.Consumers will even condition how quickly products are developed and improved in markets. B.Consumer sovereignty suggests that individual consumers have ultimate control over what markets produce. C.There is no point in trying to sell goods or services that people no longer want. D.Consumers can decide the market prices. 3.Which of the following is not the reason why Levi Strauss decided to cut jobs? A.New rivals entered into the market and took away major parts of the sales. B.Because of the changes in fashion trends,the sales fell greatly C.Consumer preferences have changed and the market has evolved. D.Because of a fall in Jean buys by shrinking population of young Europeans and a shift away from denim as a fashion fabric. 4.Producers can increase the amount they produce,if A.there is no other rivals in the market. B.the government asks them to do so. C.the market price of that good or service rises. D.consumers become avid purchasers of that good or service 5.Want to be rewarded with more customs and thus with more profit,the firms should A.innovate or produce something better or cheaper B.do as much as they can to please those who might buy their goods and services C.identify and understand the nature of the consumer-led governance of markets D.A,B and C. -15-
《商务英语》 课后练习 Questions: 1. According to the passage _____ have ultimate control over what markets produce. A. individual firms B. the government C. consumers D. demand and supply relationship 2. Which of the following is not right? A. Consumers will even condition how quickly products are developed and improved in markets. B. Consumer sovereignty suggests that individual consumers have ultimate control over what markets produce. C. There is no point in trying to sell goods or services that people no longer want. D. Consumers can decide the market prices. 3. Which of the following is not the reason why Levi Strauss decided to cut jobs? A. New rivals entered into the market and took away major parts of the sales. B. Because of the changes in fashion trends, the sales fell greatly. C. Consumer preferences have changed and the market has evolved. D. Because of a fall in Jean buys by shrinking population of young Europeans and a shift away from denim as a fashion fabric. 4. Producers can increase the amount they produce, if _____. A. there is no other rivals in the market. B. the government asks them to do so. C. the market price of that good or service rises. D. consumers become avid purchasers of that good or service 5. Want to be rewarded with more customs and thus with more profit, the firms should _____. A. innovate or produce something better or cheaper B. do as much as they can to please those who might buy their goods and services C. identify and understand the nature of the consumer-led governance of markets D. A, B and C. - 15 -