Unit 5 Animal World In-Class Reading Do Animals Have a Culture? Words&Usage词汇精讲 abstract adj.抽象的，深奥的n.摘要，概括(Line6,Para6) e.g.Astronomy is an abstract subject..天文学是一门深奥的学科。 an abstract of the article文章的摘要 [用法]in the abstract抽象地，在理论上 make an abstract of做…的摘要 [真题例句(CET6)] The author was required to submit an abstract of about 200 words together with his research paper 要求作者提交200字左右的摘要及其研究论文。 belief n.信念，看法；相信，信任(Line6,Para6) [用法]beyond belief难以置信的，令人吃惊的：难以想象地 have belief in相信，信任 to the best of my belief就我所信，据我所知 [反义词链接]distrust,doubt,incredulity,suspicion [词汇辨析]belief/confidence/faith/trust belief指承认某事是真的，尽管可能没有确凿的证据： e.g.belief in ghosts相信有鬼魂： confidence指在有证据的基础上相信，也常指“自信、有把握”； e.g.She has great confidence in her success.她对白己的成功充满信心。 faith指认为有确凿证据或道理而完全相信； e.g.I have faith in his ability to succeed..我相信他有成功的能力。 tust指信赖、信仟，含有“坚定的信念”的意思， e.g.enjoy the trust of the people得到人民的信任 [拓展记忆]believe v.相信 command n命令，指示v.命令，指挥(Line25,Para5) e.g.He can't command so large a sum of money. 他不能支配这样一大笔钱。 [用法1]have a good command of能自由应用 e.g.She has a good command of the French language. 她精通法语。 [用法2]under sb.'s command/bysb.'s command听某人支配，服从某人
1 Unit 5 Animal World In-Class Reading Do Animals Have a Culture? Words & Usage 词汇精讲 abstract adj. 抽象的，深奥的 n.摘要，概括(Line 6,Para 6) e.g. Astronomy is an abstract subject. 天文学是一门深奥的学科。 an abstract of the article 文章的摘要 [用法]in the abstract 抽象地，在理论上 make an abstract of 做…的摘要 [真题例句(CET6)] The author was required to submit an abstract of about 200 words together with his research paper. 要求作者提交 200 字左右的摘要及其研究论文。 belief n．信念，看法；相信，信任(Line 6,Para 6) [用法] beyond belief 难以置信的，令人吃惊的；难以想象地 have belief in 相信，信任 to the best of my belief 就我所信，据我所知 [反义词链接]distrust , doubt , incredulity , suspicion [词汇辨析]belief / confidence / faith / trust belief 指承认某事是真的，尽管可能没有确凿的证据; e.g. belief in ghosts 相信有鬼魂； confidence 指在有证据的基础上相信，也常指“自信、有把握”; e.g. She has great confidence in her success. 她对白己的成功充满信心。 faith 指认为有确凿证据或道理而完全相信; e.g. I have faith in his ability to succeed．我相信他有成功的能力。 trust 指信赖、信仟，含有“坚定的信念”的意思; e.g. enjoy the trust of the people 得到人民的信任 [拓展记忆] believe v．相信 command n 命令，指示 v. 命令，指挥(Line 25,Para 5) e.g. He can’ t command so large a sum of money. 他不能支配这样一大笔钱。 [用法 1] have a good command of 能自由应用 e.g. She has a good command of the French language. 她精通法语。 [用法 2] under sb.’s command/ by sb.’s command 听某人支配，服从某人
e.g.The army is under the king's command.军队由国王直接统率。 [用法3]at command掌握，可自由使用（或支配） [用法4]get command of控制 [用法5]take command of开始担任… [同义词链接]bid,charge,direct,order,instruct [拓展记忆]commander n.指挥官；司令官 cooperate v,合作，协作，配合（亿ine3,Para2) e.g.If we all cooperate,we'll soon finish. 如果我们大家合作，很快就能完成。 [用法]Cooperate with合作，合力：协力：协同 e.g.The British cooperated with the French in building the new craft. 英法两国合作制造这种新式飞机。 [拓展记忆]cooperative adj..有合作意向的，乐意合作的：合作的，协作的 cooperation n.合作；合作性团体 individual adj.个别的；单独的n.个体，个人（亿inel8,Para5) [用法1]individual economy个体经济 an individual style独特风格 individual consciousness自觉 individual drops of rain雨点 invention n.发明，创造；发明物(Line 1,Para5) e.g.Necessity is the mother of invention. 需要是发明之母。 His 6,000 inventions included the electric light bulb,the phonograph,and the mimeograph machine 他的6,000项发明包括电灯泡、留声机和油印机。 [词汇助记]源自拉丁词invenire的过去分词inven-tus(发明，发现) [拓展记忆]inventive adj..善于发明创造的，有创造力的invent v.发明，发现 response n.回答，答复；反应，响应(Line26,Para5) [用法I]call forth no response in sb.'s breast在某人心中不起反应 [用法2]in response to作为对…的答复，作为对…的响应 e.g.A large part of human activity,particularly in relation to the environment,is in response to conditions or events. 大部分人类活动，特别是与周围环境有关的活动，是对各种情况或事件的反应。 [用法3]make no response不回答 e.g.They make a quick response to my inquiry. 他们对我的询问很快做了答复。 [拓展记忆]respond v.回答：反应 2
2 e.g. The army is under the king’s command. 军队由国王直接统率。 [用法 3]at command 掌握，可自由使用（或支配） [用法 4]get command of 控制 [用法 5]take command of 开始担任… [同义词链接]bid , charge , direct , order , instruct [拓展记忆]commander n．指挥官；司令官 cooperate v ．合作，协作，配合(Line 3,Para 2) e.g. If we all cooperate, we’ll soon finish. 如果我们大家合作，很快就能完成。 [用法]Cooperate with 合作，合力；协力；协同 e.g. The British cooperated with the French in building the new craft. 英法两国合作制造这种新式飞机。 [拓展记忆]cooperative adj．有合作意向的，乐意合作的；合作的，协作的 cooperation n．合作；合作性团体 individual adj．个别的；单独的 n. 个体，个人(Line 18,Para 5) [用法 1] individual economy 个体经济 an individual style 独特风格 individual consciousness 自觉 individual drops of rain 雨点 invention n．发明，创造；发明物(Line 1,Para 5) e.g. Necessity is the mother of invention. 需要是发明之母。 His 6,000 inventions included the electric light bulb, the phonograph, and the mimeograph machine. 他的 6 , 000 项发明包括电灯泡、留声机和油印机。 [词汇助记] 源自拉丁词 invenire 的过去分词 inven - tus （发明，发现） [拓展记忆]inventive ad j．善于发明创造的，有创造力的 invent v．发明，发现 response n．回答，答复；反应，响应(Line 26,Para 5) [用法 1]call forth no response in sb.’s breast 在某人心中不起反应 [用法 2]in response to 作为对…的答复，作为对…的响应 e.g. A large part of human activity, particularly in relation to the environment, is in response to conditions or events. 大部分人类活动，特别是与周围环境有关的活动，是对各种情况或事件的反应。 [用法 3]make no response 不回答 e.g. They make a quick response to my inquiry. 他们对我的询问很快做了答复。 [拓展记忆] respond v．回答；反应
spread v.传播，散布；伸展，展开；铺，涂，敷，摆(Line 12,Para4) e.g.It's time to spread for dinner..是（摆桌子）开饭的时候了。 The rumor quickly spread through the village.谣言很快在村子里传开了。 [用法1]spread out/over/on sth.张开，伸开，铺开，扩张，伸长 e.g.Please spread butter on the bread. 请在面包上涂奶油。 [用法2]spread over把…分期完成：使延续 e.g.This is a prescribed course which spreads over two semesters. 这是门两个学期学完的必修课。 [用法3]spread to传到，波及，蔓延到 e.g.The fire spread from the factory to the houses nearby. 大火从工厂蔓延到附近的房子。 [用法4 spread with在……上面涂抹（铺盖，覆盖） [同义词链接]distribute,extend [反义词链接]contract [真题例句(CET6)] He spread rumors here and there that price would go up. 他四处散布谣言，说物价要上涨。 stripv.剥去门.条，带，细长片(Line8,Para3) e.g.He stripped the paper off the wall.他把纸从墙上撕去。 [用法l]stripe of脱，剥，拆 e.g.The wind stripped the trees of all their leaves. 风吹落了所有的树叶。 [用法2]stripe off剥去；除掉，脱掉（衣服）：裸露 e.g.John stripped off his shirt..约翰脱掉衬衫。 知ifficult Sentences难句详解 AAAAAAAN 1.It is the patterns of behavior that help people to live together.It is also the patterns of behavior that make one group different from another group.(Line 7,Para.1) 译夏正是人们的行为模式促使他们生活在一起，也正是人们的行为模式把不同的群体区分开 来。 Explanation: Itis..that(who)..是一个强调句型。 当需要强调句中的主语、宾语、状语时，我们常用“Itis(was)+被强调部分+that(who)”这 种句型。 l)一般情况用Itis(was).that. e.g.Lady Gaga had more than100,000 fans in America last year. 3
3 spread v．传播，散布；伸展，展开；铺，涂，敷，摆(Line 12,Para 4) e.g. It’s time to spread for dinner. 是（摆桌子）开饭的时候了。 The rumor quickly spread through the village. 谣言很快在村子里传开了。 [用法 1] spread out/over/on sth．张开，伸开，铺开，扩张，伸长 e.g. Please spread butter on the bread. 请在面包上涂奶油。 [用法 2] spread over 把…分期完成；使延续 e.g. This is a prescribed course which spreads over two semesters. 这是门两个学期学完的必修课。 [用法 3]spread to 传到，波及，蔓延到 e.g. The fire spread from the factory to the houses nearby. 大火从工厂蔓延到附近的房子。 [用法 4] spread with 在… … 上面涂抹（铺盖，覆盖） [同义词链接] distribute , extend [反义词链接] contract [真题例句(CET6)] He spread rumors here and there that price would go up. 他四处散布谣言，说物价要上涨。 strip v ．剥去门．条，带，细长片(Line 8,Para 3) e.g. He stripped the paper off the wall. 他把纸从墙上撕去。 [用法 1]stripe of 脱，剥，拆 e.g. The wind stripped the trees of all their leaves. 风吹落了所有的树叶。 [用法 2] stripe off 剥去；除掉，脱掉（衣服）；裸露 e.g. John stripped off his shirt. 约翰脱掉衬衫。 Difficult Sentences 难句详解 1. It is the patterns of behavior that help people to live together. It is also the patterns of behavior that make one group different from another group.(Line 7, Para. 1) 译文正是人们的行为模式促使他们生活在一起，也正是人们的行为模式把不同的群体区分开 来。 Explanation: It is … that (who) …是一个强调句型。 当需要强调句中的主语、宾语、状语时，我们常用“It is(was)+被强调部分+that(who)”这 种句型。 1)一般情况用 It is(was)…that… e.g. Lady Gaga had more than100,000 fans in America last year
强调主语：It was lady gaga that/who had 强调宾语：It was more than I00,000 fans that lady gaga had. 强调时间/地点状语：It was in America that lady gaga had more than 100,000 fans last year. 2)当被强调部分指人时，可用that,也可用who:指物时，只用that; 3)强调状语时，只用that,不用when/where;. e.g.It is at 5 o'clock that the train will arrive. 4)一般疑问句的强调句为“Is(was)it+that.?”;特殊疑问句为：“特殊疑问词+is(was) +that..?”结构。 e.g.Was it ten years ago that his father died? When is it that you will set off? 5)“not.until...”句型的强调结构为“It is not until...that..”应注意把否定词not转移到 until前面。 e.g.I didn't go home until rain stopped. 强调句为：It was not until rain stopped that I went home. 2.As far as we know,no ape has formed social institutions,such as religion or law.(Line 2,Para 6) 译文据我们所知，没有任何猿猴曾建立起任何诸如宗教或法律等社会制度。 Explanation: 本句中，“As far as we know,.”的句型表示“据我们所知，.” e.g.As far as we know,the earth is the only planet with life on it. 就我们所知.地球是唯一的有生命的行星。 类似表达：As far as I am concerned,.就我而言， e.g.As far as I am concerned,your paper is fine as it is. 对我来说，你的文章（论文）这样写就可以了。 as far as的用法 1)as far as作从属连词，意为就...来说”、“在...范围内”，引导状语从句，强调程度 或范围，从句中动词常用know,see,concern等，相当于so far as.如： e.g.As far as I know,he has been abroad.据我所知，他已经出国了。 As far as I'm concerned,.I'd like to go swimming..就我来说，我想去游泳。 2)as far as作短语介词或连词，后跟名词或从句，意为“像...那样远”、“远到..”、“直 到..”，强调至某一指明地点或距离。在否定句中，也可用so far as..如： e.g.You can see as far as the coast.极目远眺，你可以看到海岸。 She didn't go as far as the others(did.她走得不像其他人那样远。 3.Perhaps the most important thing is that the line dividing us from them is not as clear as we used to think.(Line 9,Para.6) 译文也许最重要的一点是，人和动物的分界线并不像我们过去认为的那样清清楚楚。 Explanation: 本句中，that引导名词性从句“the line dividing us from them is not as clear as we used to think”,为表语从句。that不能省略。 e.g.His suggestion is that we should stay calm
4 强调主语：It was lady gaga that/who had … 强调宾语：It was more than 100,000 fans that lady gaga had… 强调时间/地点状语：It was in America that lady gaga had more than 100,000 fans last year. 2) 当被强调部分指人时，可用 that，也可用 who；指物时，只用 that; 3) 强调状语时，只用 that, 不用 when/where; e.g. It is at 5 o’clock that the train will arrive. 4)一般疑问句的强调句为“Is (was) it + that…?”；特殊疑问句为：“特殊疑问词+ is (was) +that…?”结构。 e.g. Was it ten years ago that his father died? When is it that you will set off? 5) “not…until…”句型的强调结构为“It is not until…that…”应注意把否定词 not 转移到 until 前面。 e.g. I didn’t go home until rain stopped. 强调句为：It was not until rain stopped that I went home. 2. As far as we know, no ape has formed social institutions, such as religion or law. (Line 2, Para. 6) 译文据我们所知，没有任何猿猴曾建立起任何诸如宗教或法律等社会制度。 Explanation: 本句中，“As far as we know, …”的句型表示“据我们所知, ···” e.g. As far as we know, the earth is the only planet with life on it. 就我们所知, 地球是唯一的有生命的行星。 类似表达：As far as I am concerned, … 就我而言, ··· e.g. As far as I am concerned, your paper is fine as it is. 对我来说, 你的文章(论文)这样写就可以了。 as far as 的用法 1) as far as 作从属连词，意为“就……来说”、“在……范围内”，引导状语从句，强调程度 或范围，从句中动词常用 know, see, concern 等，相当于 so far as.如： e.g. As far as I know, he has been abroad. 据我所知，他已经出国了。 As far as I’m concerned, I’d like to go swimming. 就我来说，我想去游泳。 2) as far as 作短语介词或连词，后跟名词或从句，意为“像……那样远”、“远到……”、“直 到……”，强调至某一指明地点或距离。在否定句中，也可用 so far as.如： e.g. You can see as far as the coast. 极目远眺，你可以看到海岸。 She didn’t go as far as the others (did). 她走得不像其他人那样远。 3. Perhaps the most important thing is that the line dividing us from them is not as clear as we used to think. (Line 9, Para. 6) 译文也许最重要的一点是，人和动物的分界线并不像我们过去认为的那样清清楚楚。 Explanation: 本句中，that 引导名词性从句“the line dividing us from them is not as clear as we used to think”，为表语从句。that 不能省略。 e.g. His suggestion is that we should stay calm
表语从句 I)连接表语从句的连接词有：that,what,who,when,where,which,why,whether,,how whoever,whomever,whichever,whatever等。还有如because,asif,as though等。 e.g.He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago. The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. That is why you see this old woman before you know,Jeanne. His first question was whether Mr.Smith had arrived yet. She seems as if she had done a great thing 2)表语从句一定要用陈述语序。 e.g.The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. 3)在有表语从句的复合句中，主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。 e.g.The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow
5 表语从句 1) 连接表语从句的连接词有：that, what, who, when, where, which, why, whether, how, whoever，whomever，whichever ，whatever 等。还有如 because, as if, as though 等。 e.g. He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago. The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. That is why you see this old woman before you know, Jeanne. His first question was whether Mr. Smith had arrived yet. She seems as if she had done a great thing. 2) 表语从句一定要用陈述语序。 e.g. The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. 3) 在有表语从句的复合句中，主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。 e.g. The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow