Table 2.6 Forces Exerted Between Teeth (in Pounds) Male Female Subject Mean Maximum Mean Maximum Eskimo 270 348 200 326 American(natural teeth) 120 200 85 165 American(dentures） -60 Data taken from Waugh(1937)and Klatsky(1942) 1 pound=0.45 Kg
Table 1.7 Relations Between Textural Parameters and Popular Nomenclature Mechanical characteristics Primary parameters Secondary parameters Popular terms Hardness Soft->firm->hard Cohesiveness Brittleness Crumbly->crunchy->brittle Chewiness Tender->chewy->tough Gumminess Short->mealy->pasty->gummy Viscosity Thin->viscous Elasticity Plastic->elastic Adhesiveness Sticky-tacky→gooey Geometrical characteristics Class Examples Particle size and shape Gritty,grainy,coarse,etc. Particle shape and Fibrous,cellular,crystalline,etc orientation Other characteristics Primary parameters Secondary parameters Popular terms Moisture content Dry->moist->wet->watery Fat content Oiliness Oily Greasiness Greasy
Table 2.3 Size Threshold Between Smooth and Grainy Texture Food Particle size (um) Chocolate 13 Chocolate 20 Chocolate 25 Fondant(sugar crystals) 20-25 Ice cream(ice crystals) 55 Margarine(fat crystals) 22 Sweetened condensed milk(lactose crystals) 10-12 Tofu(soy particles) 24
Stress Compression Stress Force /Area
Stress Compression Stress = Force / Area
Deformation Strain Compression y y Strain=△yly
Deformation - Strain Compression y Dy Strain = Dy/y