VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%) 37. Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions; then give an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop[d]dog.(青岛海洋 大学,1999 (1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop (2) low front vowel (3) lateral liquid (4) velar nasal (5) voiced interdental fricative 答案L ACDAA 6-10 DBABB 11-15TTTFF 16-20 TTTFF III 21. voiced 22. friction 23 24 height 25. obstruction 26. minimal pairs 28. Co-articulation Sound assimilation: Speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. In connected speech, under the influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound which is different from both original sounds This process is called sound assimilation 32. Suprasegmental feature: The phonetic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. The main suprasegmental ones includes stress, intonation, and tone 33. Complementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution Distinctive features: It refers to the features that can distinguish one phoneme from another. If we can group the phonemes into two categories: one with this feature and the other without this feature is called a distinctive feature Acoustic phonetics deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. When a speech sound is produced it causes minor air disturbances(sound waves). Various instruments are used to measure the characteristics of these sound waves When the vocal cords are spread apart the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless; consonants [p, s, tare
VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%) 37. Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions; then give an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop [d] dog. （青岛海洋 大学，1999） (1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop (2) low front vowel (3) lateral liquid (4) velar nasal (5) voiced interdental fricative 答案 I. 1~5 ACDAA 6~10 DBABB II. 11~15 TTTFF 16~20 TTTFF III. 21. voiced, voiceless, voiced 22. friction 23. tongue 24. height 25. obstruction 26. minimal pairs 27. diphthongs 28. Co-articulation 29. Phonemes 30. air stream IV. 31. Sound assimilation: Speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. In connected speech, under the influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound which is different from both original sounds. This process is called sound assimilation. 32. Suprasegmental feature: The phonetic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. The main suprasegmental ones includes stress, intonation, and tone. 33. Complementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution. 34. Distinctive features: It refers to the features that can distinguish one phoneme from another. If we can group the phonemes into two categories: one with this feature and the other without, this feature is called a distinctive feature. V. 35. Acoustic phonetics deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. When a speech sound is produced it causes minor air disturbances (sound waves). Various instruments are used to measure the characteristics of these sound waves. 36. When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless; consonants [p, s, t] are
produced in this way. But when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced. [b, z, d] are voiced consonants Omit Chapter 3 Lexicon I. Choose the best answer (20%) Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as C. function words D. form words Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called mo pheme A inflectional B free C bound D. derivational There are morphemes in the word denationalization A three B. four C. five 4 In english -ise and -tion are called The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and A derivational affix B inflectional affix C infix D. back-formation is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word A affixation B back-formation C insertion D addition 7 The word TB is formed in the way of B. cli C. initialism D blending 8. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by a blendi B C back-formation The stem of disagreements is A agreement B agree C disagree D disagreement All of them are meaningful except for A lexeme B phe D allomorph Decide whether the following statements are true or false(10%) 11. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme 13. Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the word-class of the base Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word
produced in this way. But when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced. [b, z, d] are voiced consonants. VI. 37. Omit. Chapter 3 Lexicon I. Choose the best answer. (20%) 1. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________. A. lexical words B. grammatical words C. function words D. form words 2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called __________ morpheme. A. inflectional B. free C. bound D. derivational 3. There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization. A. three B. four C. five D. six 4. In English –ise and –tion are called __________. A. prefixes B. suffixes C. infixes D. stems 5. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________. A. derivational affix B. inflectional affix C. infix D. back-formation 6. __________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word. A. affixation B. back-formation C. insertion D. addition 7. The word TB is formed in the way of __________. A. acronymy B. clipping C. initialism D. blending 8. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by __________. A. blending B. clipping C. back-formation D. acronymy 9. The stem of disagreements is __________. A. agreement B. agree C. disagree D. disagreement 10. All of them are meaningful except for __________. A. lexeme B. phoneme C. morpheme D. allomorph II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%) 11. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress. 12. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme. 13. Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed. 14. In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the word-class of the base. 15. Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word. 16. Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word
The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia 18. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations Inflection is a particular way of word-formations II. Fill in the blanks. (20%) 21 A is pronounced letter by letter, while an is pronounced as a word Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways All words may be said to contain a root A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to cl while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to class is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening 27 is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the A word formed by derivation is called a and a word formed compounding is called a Bound morphemes are classified into two types IV Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%) 31. Allomorph Morphological rule Answer the following questions. (20%) 35. How many types of morphemes are there in the English language? What are they? (R 门大学,2003) 36. What are the main features of the English compounds? Anal alyze the following situation(20%) Match the terms under COLUmN I with the underlined forms from COLuMn II (tiX 大学,2004) (1) acronym
17. The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia. 18. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes. 19. Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations. 20. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations. III. Fill in the blanks. (20%) 21. An __________ is pronounced letter by letter, while an __________ is pronounced as a word. 22. Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with __________. 23. Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: __________, __________ and __________. 24. All words may be said to contain a root __________. 25. A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to __________ class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to __________ class. 26. __________ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening. 27. __________ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa. 28. Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the __________ level. 29. A word formed by derivation is called a __________, and a word formed by compounding is called a __________. 30. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: __________ and __________. IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%) 31. Blending 32. Allomorph 33. Closed-class word 34. Morphological rule V. Answer the following questions. (20%) 35. How many types of morphemes are there in the English language? What are they? （厦 门大学，2003） 36. What are the main features of the English compounds? VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%) 37. Match the terms under COLUMN I with the underlined forms from COLUMN II （武汉 大学，2004） I II (1) acronym a. foe
(2) free morphe subconscious (3) derivational morpheme UNESCO inflectional morpheme d. overwhelmed AACBB 6-10 BCADB 11-15 FTFTI 16-20 FTFFF 21. initialism, acronym 23. solid, hyphenated, open 24. morpheme 26 back-formation 28. morpheme 29 derivative, compound 30 affix bound root Blending: It is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms, like newscast(news broadcast), brunch(breakfast lunch) 32. Allomorph: It is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or oining so Close-class word: It is a word whose membership is fixed or limited. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc are all closed-class words Morphological rule: It is the rule that governs which affix can be added to what type of base to form a new word, e.g. -ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective Omit 37. (1)c e (4)d (5)b pter 4 Syntax I. Choose the best answer (20%) 1. The sentence structure is A only linear B. only hierarchical D. both linear and hierarchical 2. The syntactic rules of any language are in number rge B. small C. finite D. infinite 3. The ules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical A lexical B. morphological C linguistic D combinational 4. A sentence is considered hen it does not conform to the grammatic cal knowledge he mind of native speakers A right B wrong C grammatical D. ungrammatical
(2) free morpheme b. subconscious (3) derivational morpheme c. UNESCO (4) inflectional morpheme d. overwhelmed (5) prefix e. calculation Key: I. 1~5 AACBB 6~10 BCADB II. 11~15 FTFTT 16~20 FTFFF III. 21. initialism, acronym 22. vocabulary 23. solid, hyphenated, open 24. morpheme 25. close, open 26. back-formation 27. conversion 28. morpheme 29. derivative, compound 30. affix, bound root IV. 31. Blending: It is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms, like newscast (news + broadcast), brunch (breakfast + lunch) 32. Allomorph: It is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. 33. Close-class word: It is a word whose membership is fixed or limited. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc. are all closed-class words. 34. Morphological rule: It is the rule that governs which affix can be added to what type of base to form a new word, e.g. –ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective. V. Omit. VI. 37. (1) c (2) a (3) e (4) d (5) b Chapter 4 Syntax I. Choose the best answer. (20%) 1. The sentence structure is ________. A. only linear B. only hierarchical C. complex D. both linear and hierarchical 2. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number. A. large B. small C. finite D. infinite 3. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences. A. lexical B. morphological C. linguistic D. combinational 4. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammati¬cal knowledge in the mind of native speakers. A. right B. wrong C. grammatical D. ungrammatical