three eighths per cent, three eighths of one per cent 02% point two per cent per mille o per mI half a meter 2/3m wo thirds of a meter 314km three quarters of a kilometer 283km two point eight three kilometers 78m/s seven point eight meters per second 5℃ fifteen degrees Centigrade 34v thirty four degrees Fahrenheit Unit 2 English Reading for Frequently-used Mathematical Symbols 常用数学符号的英语读法 plus plied by, tir divided bt plus is equal to equals, is is identically equal to, identically equals is approximately equal to, approximately equals x bar, the mean value ofx pr b b double prime, b second prime, b two prime b subscript one, b sub one b superscript x x two dots f(r) dee x differential x 如 the first derivative of y with respect to x, the differential coefficient of y with respect to x dy the second derivative of y with respect to x
d"y the n th derivative of y with respect to x the partial derivative of y with respect to x n th del(nabla tegral integral between limits a and b infinity (a+b) bracket a plus b bracket closed the ratio of a to b x square, x squared, the square of x, the second power of x, x to the second cube, x cubed, the cube of x, the third power of x, x to the third power the minus fourth power of x, x to the minus fourth power √x the cube root ofx, the cubic root ofx Vx2 the fifth root of x square log x to the base n Unit 3 English Reading for Frequently-used Civil ngineering Vocabulary 土木工程专业常用词汇的英语读法 ACI Building Code AC!建筑规范 allowable or permissible stresses 许用应力 allowable-stress design 许用应力设计方法 architectural design 建筑设计 axial force 轴向力 bending moment 弯矩 building codes 建筑规范 cable net structure 悬索网架结构 悬索张力 chandelier 枝形吊灯 vi engineering 上木工程
cladding wall 承重墙 composite material 复合材料 computer-aided design 计算机辅助设计 计算机仿真 concrete and masonry structure 砖混结构 concrete beam 混凝土梁 conditions of operation 工作条件 crack width 裂纹宽度 critical design load 临界设计载荷 交叉支撑 decision-making process 决策过程 deflection 挠度 of accura 精确度 design process 设计过程 diagonal bracing 斜撑 earthquake load 地震载荷 earthquake- resistant design 抗震设计 epicenter of the earthquake 震中 equilibrium equation 平衡方程 factor of safety 安全系数 fixed end 固定端 fluid mechanics 流体力学 geologic fault 断层 桁架 height-to-span ratio 高跨比 high-rise building 高层建筑 high-strength concrete 高强混凝土 high-strength steel 高强钢 Incremental length 长度增量 in the horizontal direction 在水平方向 in the vertical direction 在垂直方向 lifeline 生命线 live load 活载 limit state 极限状态 load-combination factor 荷载组合系数 load-factor design 荷载系数设计方法 propag 荷载的传递 long-span structure 大跨结构 log- normal distribution 对数正态分布 low-rise building 底层建筑 materials of construction 建筑材料 maximum sag 最大下垂 modulus of elasticity 弹性模量 natural frequency of vibration 振动固有频率
nominal load 名义载荷 nominal strength 名义强度 单向板 permissible stress 许用应力 pinned end 铰接端 斜屋顶 planar truss 平面桁架 塑性铰 polygon of force 力多边形 preca 预浇 prestressing 预应力 primary structural component 主要结构组成 probability 概率 random proces 随机过程 reinforced concrete structure 钢筋混凝土结构 resultant of forces 力的合成 return period 返还周期 Richter scale 里氏级数 rigid frame 刚架 rigid joint 刚结点 roof truss 屋盖桁架 secondary bracing 次要支撑 serviceload design 使用载荷设计方法 shear force 剪力 shear force diagram 剪力图 雪载 structural engineering 结构工程 structural system 结构体系 structure of construction 建筑结构 seismic excitation 地震反应 seismic hazard 地震灾害 地震载荷 sense of the force 力的方向 shape of a parabola 抛物线形状 shear wall 剪力墙 il behavior 土壤性质 statically determinate structural system静定结构体系 stress cycle 应力循环 stress/strain diagram 应力/应变图 structural member 构件 structure element 构件 structural engineer 结构工程师 tectonic earthquake 构造地震
three-dimensional 维 three-pin arch 三铰拱 交通流 transfer mechanism 传递机理 two-dimensional 二维 ultimate load 极限载荷 ultimate tensile strength 极限拉伸强度 upper and lower chord 上下弦 wind load 风载 working load 使用载荷 yield stress 屈服应力 Unit 4 Civil Engineering Essays 土木工程专业小短文 1. a building or a bridge is composed of a number of individual structure elements that must function together to resist the applied loads. Throughout the design process the structural engineer must be able to visualize the various individual load-carrying elements and to understand the functional interrelationships necessary for transmitting the applied loads through the structure. Usually the structure will be subjected to several distinct types of loading(e.g, lateral as well as vertical), and the effective load-transfer mechanisms typically vary with the applied loads 2. The two chords are composed of the upper chords of the two primary trusses, and the lateral struts(bb, dd, etc )are compression members that transmit the loads between the two primar trusses. Note that the diagonals in each bay have been arranged in pairs; the main diagonal has been augmented with a second diagonal member called a counter. A cursory examination o this truss reveals that the truss has six redundant members how wever, if properly designed, the truss can be regarded as statically determinate 3. The structure engineer is a member of a team whose members work together to design a building, bridge, or other structures that will fulfil the specific needs of a client. In the case of a building, an architect generally provides the overall layout, and mechanical, electrical, and structural engineers design individual systems within the building. A geotechnical or foundation engineer provides information necessary for the design of foundations, basement walls. and so on