Background knowledge From 1689 to 1815 there was a series of conflicts between britain and france for domination of the North American continent. The principal objective of the British government was to drive the French out of north america once and for all. The maritime and colonial struggle between Britain and France for world empire and trade, which began in 1689, lasted until the final defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815. t was about this time that the long duel between Britain and France was over
Background knowledge ▪ From 1689 to 1815 there was a series of conflicts between Britain and France for domination of the North American continent. The principal objective of the British government was to drive the French out of North America once and for all. The maritime and colonial struggle between Britain and France for world empire and trade, which began in 1689, lasted until the final defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815. It was about this time that the long duel between Britain and France was over
Background knowledge The channel Tunnel project The Channel Tunnel Project is the scheme for an under- ocean tunnel linking Britain and france, which has been discussed on governmental levels for almost 200 years The first proposal for a Channel Tunnel came in 1802 from a French engineer. Napoleon showed interest, but the renewal of the war suspended the question, which, however, was taken up again and again throughout the nineteenth century. The proponents of the project were generally French, with the British government holding off for security reasons
Background knowledge ▪ The Channel Tunnel Project ▪ The Channel Tunnel Project is the scheme for an underocean tunnel linking Britain and France, which has been discussed on governmental levels for almost 200 years. ▪ The first proposal for a Channel Tunnel came in 1802 from a French engineer. Napoleon showed interest, but the renewal of the war suspended the question, which, however, was taken up again and again throughout the nineteenth century. The proponents of the project were generally French, with the British government holding off for security reasons
Background knowledge In the early 1880s, digging actually began near Folkestone, Kent, England, and Sangate, France A pilot tunnel 2000 yards long was bored from the English side before a rage from the press over the alleged threat to Britains securit caused the British government to cancel the project
Background knowledge ▪ In the early 1880s, digging actually began near Folkestone, Kent, England, and Sangate, France. A pilot tunnel 2000 yards long was bored from the English side before a rage from the press over the alleged threat to Britain’ s security caused the British government to cancel the project
Background knowledge The defence considerations remained decisive until the 1950s, When the missile age made it appear obsolete. The Channel Tunnel Study Group was formed and it published in 1960 a proposal for a rail tunnel from Folkstone to Calais n 1964 the two governments agreed to proceed with a rail tunneL. After frequent extensions of the estimated completion date, with costs constantly rising, the British government cancelled the project early in 1975, leaving two and a half kilometers of preliminary digging on both sides of the channel. In 1978 the matter of a channel crossing was again raised
Background knowledge ▪ The defence considerations remained decisive until the 1950s, when the missile age made it appear obsolete. The Channel Tunnel Study Group was formed and it published in 1960 a proposal for a rail tunnel from Folkstone to Calais. In 1964 the two governments agreed to proceed with a rail tunnel. After frequent extensions of the estimated completion date, with costs constantly rising, the British government cancelled the project early in 1975, leaving two and a half kilometers of preliminary digging on both sides of the Channel. In 1978 the matter of a Channel crossing was again raised
Background knowledge At long last, construction began again in December 1978, and after sever years of unremitting toil, the Chunnel was completed at the cost of 13.5 billion dollars
Background knowledge ▪ At long last, construction began again in December 1978, and after sever years of unremitting toil, the Chunnel was completed at the cost of 13.5 billion dollars